Equatorial noise, also known magnetosonic waves (MSWs), are one of the frequently observed plasma waves in Earth’s inner magnetosphere. Observations have shown that wave amplitudes maximize at the magnetic equator with a narrow extent in their latitudinal distribution. It has been understood that waves are generated from an equatorial source region and confined within a few degrees magnetic latitude. The present study investigates whether the MSW instability and saturation amplitudes maximize at the equator, given an energetic proton ring-like distribution derived from an observed wave event, and using linear instability analysis and particle-in-cell simulations with the plasma conditions at different latitudes along the dipole magnetic field line. The results show that waves initially grow fastest (i.e., with the largest growth rate) at high latitude (20°–25°), but consistent with observations, their saturation amplitudes maximize within ±10° latitude. On the other hand, the slope of the saturation amplitudes versus latitude revealed in the present study is not as steep as what the previous statistical observation results suggest. This may be indicative of some other factors not considered in the present analyses at play, such as background magnetic field and plasma inhomogeneities and the propagation effect.

The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategy use. 283 Chinese college EFL students participated in this study. They answered a questionnaire with 65 items that measured the three constructs of reading motivation, reading strategy use and their self-perceived reading proficiency. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to check the validity of each construct. Based on their motivation scores, the subjects were divided into different clusters; 22.6% of the subjects to the most highly motivated cluster; 34.4% to the moderately motivated cluster; 43.1% to the least motivated cluster. Discriminant analysis showed that such variables as advanced comprehension strategies, repetition and comprehension enhancing strategies were statistically significant variables that distinguished the three groups from each other. These results imply that EFL learners may be instructed to be aware of the importance of L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategies for improving their L2 reading proficiency.

On November 10, 2015, the CPC Central Committee proposed a supply-side structural reform. The structural problems of China's economic development are outstanding. There is a problem of supply and demand asymmetry between the total demand shortage and the demand spillover. There is also the problem of supply and demand asymmetry in which the supply side is insufficient and the relative surplus coexist. It can be seen that the focus of the supply-side structure reform is to focus on the optimization of the economic structure. To this end, the primary task in the supply-side structural reform is to de-capacity. At the same time of de-capacity, we must actively respond to the negative impact of de-capacity. An effective measure to deal with the negative impact of de-capacity is to actively seek a stable way to resolve excess capacity while accelerating the follow-up implementation of systematic supporting measures. Taking Hebei Province as an example, the specific measures are discussed.

Purpose – This research aims to examine the effects of 3D online products presentation by comparing it with general presentation. Research design, data, and methodology – To rigorously investigate the differences of effects between 3D presentation and general presentation, this study examines the differences of the two presentations in vividness, informedness, entertainment, product trust, and purchase intention. This research designed two different forms of online product presentations, 3D and general presentation for an experiment. Results – The research findings indicate that 1) the vividness of online product presentation has a positive impact on the informedness and entertainment. While both vividness and informedness product presentation have a positive impact on product trust, the entertainment of online product presentation has no significant impact. 2) Vividness, informedness, entertainment, product trust, and purchasing intention showed significant differences between 3D and general product presentations. 3) Overall, 3D product presentation showed a stronger impact on purchasing intention than the general product presentation. Conclusions – This research expands the area of business presentation by comparing the differences of 3D and general presentation methods. This study made a great contribution to theory development, and also to guidelines for practice. These insights could be used by organizations in developing realistic environments for business presentations.

Genome polyploidization has provided significant sources of genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution and new species formation. However, the way in which molecular evolution of polyploid genomes builds up genetic architecture underlying speciation is unclear and whether there are any differences in polyploidsubgenomes’s responses to selection is unknown. Brassica is an ideal model to address these questions. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana as an outgroup to conduct comparative genome analysis of newly sequenced Brassica oleracea, B. rapaand B. napus. We revealed multi-layered modes of asymmetrical interspecific and intraspecific genome evolution. Between parallel species B. oleracea and B. rapa, these layers include: asymmetrical gene retention rates,asymmetrical TE amplification, asymmetrical tandem duplication of genes and asymmetrically alternative splicing variantsbetween the two sister species; Between subgenomes within species, these layers include: massive and asymmetrical subgenomic gene loss, great variations between paralogs at the DNA sequence level, expression differentiation of triplicated, α-duplicated and tandem duplicated genes across different tissues in the two diploid species, asymmetrical recombination on A and C in B. napus. In addition, the predominant mechanism for gene loss is small deletion, rather than asymmetrical cross-over. These patterns provide new insight into genome evolution underlying speciation and trait formation and will underpin research into genetic improvement of these important crops

Based upon the analysis of the former paper, this paper suggest that present problems existing in China's relevant laws and regulations, the difficulties in constructing China's maritime performing party system, the strategy in constructing maritime performing party in China. The writer focused on the strategies of establishing maritime performing party in China, and analyzed the problems which needed to pay attention. Finally, in the writer's view, China does not need to take part in the Convention, and can establish the maritime performing system by amending China Maritime Code.