Given the situation in the Republic of Korea that all nuclear power plants are located at the seaside, the interim storage facility is also likely to be located at seaside and the maritime transportation of Spent Nuclear Fuel is considered inevitable. The Republic of Korea does not have an independently developed maritime transportation risk assessment code, and no research has been conducted to evaluate the release rate of radionuclides from a submerged transportation cask in the sea. Therefore, there is a need to develop a technology that can assess the impact of immersion accidents and establish a regulatory framework for maritime transportation accidents. The release rate of radionuclides should be calculated from the flow rate through a flow path in the breached containment boundary. According to the cask design criteria, it is anticipated that even under severe accident conditions, the flow path size will be very small. Previous studies have evaluated fluid flow passing through micro-scale channel by integrating internal and external flows within and around a transport cask. As part of the evaluation, a comprehensive “Full-Field Model” incorporating external flow fields and a localized “Local-Field Model” with micro-scale flow paths were constructed. Sub-modeling techniques were employed to couple the flow field calculated by the two models. The aforementioned approach is utilized to conduct the evaluation of fluid flow passing through micro-scale flow paths. This study aims to evaluate fluid flow passing through micro-scale flow paths using the aforementioned CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method and aims to code the findings. The Gaussian Process Regression technique, a machine learning model, is utilized for developing a mathematical metamodel. The selected input parameters for coding are organized and their respective impacts are analyzed. The range of these selected parameters is tailored to suit domestic environments, and computational experiments are planned through Design of Experiments. The flow path size is included as an input parameter in the coded model. In cases where the flow path size becomes extremely small, making it impractical to use CFD techniques for calculations, Poiseuille’s law is employed to calculate the release rate. In this study, a model is developed to evaluate the release rate of radionuclides using CFD and mathematical equations covering the whole possible range of flow path size in a lost cask in the deep sea. The model will be used in the development of a maritime transportation risk assessment code suitable for the situation and environment in Korea.

In the case of nuclear projects, when developing a new reactor type, it is necessary to confirm the reactor type, secure the safety, and especially obtain the construction permit approval of the licensing authority for construction. Schedule management is necessary to carry out nuclear projects, and progress rate management of project progress management is largely composed of three elements: scope management, cost management, and resource management. However, in the case of the small modular reactor (SMR) project currently being carried out, it is difficult to calculate the progress rate including budget and resources due to the nature of the project. Therefore, in the SMR project, it took two years from the beginning to prepare the integrated project master schedule (IPMS) to prepare the draft, and then two revisions were made over a year and a half. In this SMR project, we will consider the entire construction period such as design, purchase and production, construction, commissioning, and operation in terms of scope management. The entire document list was created using the document review and approval sheet created at the beginning of the design. In the PMIS (Project Management Information System), the number of approved documents was calculated by comparing the list of engineering documents. In the purchase production part, the main core equipment such as the primary system nuclear steam supply system (NSSS), the secondary system turbine and condenser, and the man machine interface system (MMIS) are managed. Purchasing and manufacturing management shall be managed so that major equipment can be delivered in a timely manner in accordance with the schedule for delivery of equipment in the IPMS. In order to prevent delays in the start of production, it is necessary to minimize the waiting time for work through advance management tasks such as insurance of drawing, stocking of materials, availability of production facilities, etc. In this way, we decided to carry out the schedule management for the design, purchase and manufacturing part in the SMR project first, and the installation, construction and commissioning part will be prepared for the future schedule management.

An Internal Compliance Program (ICP) is a system through which enterprise internally manage their own export control processes to ensure compliance with domestic export control laws. Around the world, ICPs are actively utilized as a means of export control for strategic items. However, they are not mostly applied to the Trigger List Items. However, advanced countries such as the United States and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) have been actively researching the potential application of ICPs to the Trigger List Items recently. This paper suggests additional considerations that should be taken into account when applying an ICP to the Trigger List Items. The key elements of classical ICP include Top-level management commitment to compliance; Risk analysis; Organizational structure/chain of responsibilities; Human and technical resources allocated to the management of exports; Workflow management and operational procedures; Record -keeping and documentation; Selection of staff; training and awareness-raising; Process-/Systemrelated controls (ICP audit)/Corrective Measures; Physical and technical security. An ICP for Trigger List Items must encompass all these core elements. Additionally, as the nuclear industry often involves collaborative projects participating with various companies, the effectiveness of the ICP could be enhanced through the operation of consultation groups among participating companies. Furthermore, enterprises must take into account the unique characteristics of Trigger List Items that differ from other strategic items, when making requirements of the ICP establishment. First, export requirements related to safety measures and physical protection should be reviewed to export the Trigger List Items. The procedure and obligations in aspects of internationally controlled items should also be reviewed. Moreover, active support from enterprises for GTGA procedures should also be included, since the Government to Government Assurance (GTGA) procedure is additionally required for the export of Trigger List Items, in contrast to other strategic items. Additionally, for materials categorized within Trigger List Items, such as deuterium and heavy water, should be controlled based on their end-use and cumulative quantity, which Government cannot effectively manage without enterprise supports. Therefore, enterprises must establish an internal material management system based on the end-use and cumulative quantity of these materials under ICP.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) has been exporting weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to the volatile Middle East and Africa. It is expecting that military illicit activities would isolate DPRK economically, as it has been placed on multiple sanctions lists, including UN sanctions, multilateral export control regime sanctions, and country-specific sanctions. However, DPRK funds its WMD programs through various sanctions evasion activities. DPRK’s primary sanctions evasion activities include obtaining foreign currency, acquiring dualuse or restricted technology, smuggling, and money laundering, which are global in scope. This study analyzes the sanctions evasion activities used by DPRK to acquire economic, material, and technological resources for its WMD program and devises ways to disrupt these evasions effectively. First, the international community should strengthen export controls by encouraging states with weak export control regimes to join international organizations and conventions to limit DPRK arms and technology exports. Second, states should improve their intelligence gathering and analysis capabilities by sharing information on DPRK’s evasion activities and working together. This will help identify and counter DPRK’s evasion techniques and networks. Third, the international community should strengthen cooperation on DPRK’s evasion efforts. This can be done by strengthening cooperation with states and entities that enforce international sanctions and by working with relevant agencies such as customs, immigration, and police to track and interdict the movement of funds and assets used for evasion. Fourth, publicize DPRK’s illicit activities and apply diplomatic pressure. Diplomatic pressure can lead to more states and entities to enforce sanctions. In conclusion, these strategies are expected to deter DPRK’s illicit activities; but to sanction DPRK effectively, it is essential to continue to adjust and refine the strategies in response to DPRK’s evolving sanctions evasion efforts. The results of this research are expected to prevent WMD proliferation through DPRK by blocking or reducing the risk of sanctions evasion.

The Republic of Korea (ROK), as a member state of the IAEA, is operating the State’s System of Accounting for and Control (SSAC) and conducting independent national inspections. Furthermore, an evaluation methodology for the material unaccounted for (MUF) is being developed in ROK to enhance capabilities of national inspection. Generally, physical and chemical changes of nuclear material are unavoidable due to the operating system and structure of facilities, an accumulation of material unaccounted for (MUF) has been issued. IAEA developed statistical MUF evaluation method that can be applied to all facilities around the world and it mainly focuses on the diversion detection of nuclear materials in facilities. However, in terms of the national safeguard inspection, an evaluation of accountancy in facilities is additionally needed. Therefore, in this research, a new approach to MUF evaluation is suggested, based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) that an evaluation of measurement uncertainty factors is straightforward. A hypothetical list of inventory items (LII) which has 6,118 items at the beginning and end of the material balance period, along with 360 inflow and outflow nuclear material items at a virtual fuel fabrication plant was employed for both the conventional IAEA MUF evaluation method and the proposed GUM-based method. To calculate the measurement uncertainty, it was assumed that an electronic balance, gravimetry, and a thermal ionization mass spectrometer were used for a measurement of the mass, concentration, and enrichment of 235U, respectively. Additionally, it was considered that independent and correlated uncertainty factors were defined as random factors and systematic factors for the ease of uncertainty propagation by the GUM. The total MUF uncertainties of IAEA (σMUF) and GUM (uMUF) method were 37.951 and 36.692 kg, respectively, under the aforementioned assumptions. The difference is low, it was demonstrated that the GUM method is applicable to the MUF evaluation. The IAEA method demonstrated its applicability to all nuclear facilities, but its calculated errors exhibited low traceability due to its simplification. In contrast, the calculated uncertainty based on the GUM method exhibited high reliability and traceability, as it allows for individual management of measurement uncertainty based on the facility’s accounting information. Consequently, the application of the GUM approach could offer more benefits than the conventional IAEA method in cases of national safeguard inspections where factor analysis is required for MUF assessment.

Understanding the dispersion of xenon isotopes following a nuclear test is critical for global security and falls within the remit of both the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE). This paper aims to show if it is possible to discriminate the source of xenon releases based on the atmospheric dispersion of xenon isotopes using HYSPLIT. Using ORIGEN and SERPENT simulations, four released scenarios are defined with four different fractionation times (i.e., 1 hour, 1 day, 10 days, and 30 days) after a 1kt TNT equivalent 235U explosion event. These time-delayed release scenarios were selected to certify the possibility of mis-determining xenon release source. We use the Lagrangian dispersion model for atmospheric dispersion to predict the concentration distribution of xenon isotopes under each scenario. The model allows us to better understand how these isotopes would distribute over time and space, offering valuable data for real-world detection efforts. To our knowledge, there have been no researches on the analysis of xenon isotopic ratios considering atmospheric dispersion. In this work, we focused on the atmospheric dispersion using HYSPLIT to characterize the xenon isotopic ratios from nuclear tests. In addition, we compared the xenon isotopic ratios obtained from the atmospheric dispersion with those from ORIGEN calculations, which would be helpful to discriminate the source of the xenon releases.

Characteristics and useful effects for human health of antioxidant carbon nanodots contained in microwave-assisted Opuntia humifusa extract (MA-OHE(CD)) were investigated in this work. MA-OHE(CD) was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Besides, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of MA-OHE(CD) were measured. It was revealed that the MA-OHE(CD) increases aquaporin-3 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes cell with hydrophilic characteristics. Moreover, the bio-active compound extraction efficacy and antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extraction were great when compared to maceration.

In this study, Bacillus velesensis TJS119, isolated from freshwater, demonstrated growth inhibition against insect pathogenic fungi. The culture medium of the B. velezensis TJS119 strain underwent sequential fractionation with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Notably, the n-butanol fraction exhibited significant antifungal activity against Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. LC/MS analysis of antifungal peaks identified the production of various lipopeptides by B. velezensis TJS119, including two types of iturin A (C14, C15), four types of fengycin A (C14, C15, C16, C17), and two types of fengycin B (C16, C17). The antifungal efficacy of Iturin A and Fengycin against insect pathogenic fungi was further validated using the paper disc diffusion method. These findings underscore the potential of B. velezensis TJS119 as a promising candidate for future research and applications in the realm of agricultural biological controls against fungal diseases.

Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae from industrial insects are traditionally recognized as functional health foods in South Korea. We evaluated the immuno-modulatory effects of feeding beneficial microorganism (Bacillus velezensis TJS119) to P. brevitarsis larvae as a dietary source. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activities of P. brevitarsis larvae hot-water extract (PLW) and PLW after treatment with B. velezensis TJS119 (PLWB) using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We examined the effects of PLWB on cell proliferation, cytokine production, and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. PLWB showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1,000 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with PLWB increased the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] at doses of 62.5 to 1,000 μ g/mL in RAW264.7 cells. As a result, PLWB exhibited a stronger immune-enhancing effect compared to PLW. In conclusion, the results of this study offer experimental evidence to support the potential utilization of PLWB as an immunity-enhancing nutraceutical ingredient.

Bacillus velezensis TJS119 was isolated from the freshwater, and antagonistic activity against of pathogenic fungi. Strain TJS119 showed a broad spectrum of antagonistic activities many fungal pathogens, including the green muscardine fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. The whole-genome sequence of B. velzensis TJS119 was analyzed using the illumina platform. The genome comprises a 3,809,913 bp chromosome with a G + C content of 46.43%, 3,834 total genes, 10 rRNA and 73 tRNA genes. The genome contained a total of 8 candidate gene clusters (difficidin, fengycin, bacillaene, macrolactin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, surfactin and butirosin) to synthesize secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Overall, our data will aid future studies of the biocontrol mechanisms of B. velezensis TJS119 and promote its application in insect disease control.

The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata., is ubiquitous in agricultural areas, making it a critical pest to monitor and manage. It is necessary to develop a technique for rearing Z. scutellata in the laboratory to achieve mass production for biological control. The pumpkin is an important host plant for Z. scutellata; females lay their eggs on the tops of pumpkin flower buds, and larvae consume the stamens from top to bottom before dropping to the ground. Several types of diets are considered in the present study, including liquid, solid, and semisolid diets. Methyl benzoate, propionic acid, sodium benzoate, and citric acid were tested for their ability to suppress microbial contamination and improve the shelf life of diets. Fresh pumpkin, pumpkin flower, and pumpkin powder were used as primary ingredient. Reared adults were tested for their egg laying and survival abilities based on different diets. Approximately 86% of adults emerged from liquid and semisolid diets. Solid diets reduce pupae production and adult emergence. The diets with a total viability of less than 75% were discarded, which is considered as a reasonable threshold to determine whether a diet is nutritionally sufficient to rear the flies. Based on the results of the present study, we have developed a diet for mass rearing in laboratories, which may assist in providing a scientific basis for the effective control of Z. scutellata.

When shooting an object with a microscope, the size of the object is large, so it may not be captured on one screen, or the results may not be good due to dust. It is intended to provide a high-resolution image photographing method and correction method using Photoshop 5.0 program. In particular, when the object is large, a method of synthesizing after split photographing when it is not visible on one screen during micrographing will be provided. In addition, when the background is dark, a background color correction method and a color correction method after imaging are also provided. The photographing method and correction method are presented based on Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. The high-resolution images were taken using Nikon D500 16-80mm VR Kit or Leica M205C, Dhyana400DC.

We analyzed trend of plants (40 items) on imported seedlings using the Pest Information System (PIS) for the past 20 years. 530 species (9 order 336 genus) were found among 40 items on imported seedlings including Rosaceae, Arecaceae, Crassulaceae, and Fabaceae. Hemiptera were the most expected to be detected pest as 52%, followed by Coleoptera as 16%, Lepidoptera as 11%, and Diptera as 8% in potential detection rate. For prohibited pests, Tephritidae are the most common pests as 86% in approximately 60 prohibited species, including Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera tryoni in Diptera and Cydia pomonella in Lepidoptera.

Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are polyphagous, highly invasive pests in which female adults lay eggs under the skin of fruit and larvae damage the fruit. Among them, the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) was first reported in Taiwan and is distributed throughout much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, as well as on the African continent and in the Pacific region. In order to prevent the introduction of pests into country, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has designated them as prohibited pests and is conducting surveillance and investigation on their occurrence. The experimental countries were Taiwan and Vietnam, and statistical analysis was conducted based on the number of B. dorsalis caught by setting up traps for about 8 months. Methly eugenol (ME; 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxy-benzene) is a widely distributed natural plant and is used because it strongly attracts males of B. dorsalis. The experiments aimed to verify the effect of attractant formulations (liquid, solid, wax) and traps (Delta trap, Lynfield trap, Steiner trap) on B. dorsalis.

유기농업자재 제조 원료가 되는 주요 식물인 제충국, 고삼, 데리스, 님 등은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정 으로 제품수급, 효용성 및 안전성 등에 빈번한 문제가 발생되고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 국내 자생식물을 추출물 원료로 이용하기 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 이중 마트린이 함유되어 살충제로 이용되고 있는 고삼에 흰가루병, 총채벌레, 줄붉은들명나방, 담배거세미나방, 거품벌레류가 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 특 히 줄붉은들명나방(Uresiphita prunipennis)은 7월 하순부터 9월 중순까지 발생하여 엽육을 갉아먹고 엽맥만 남기는 피해를 주었고, 피해주율은 11% 였다. 이를 방제하기 위해 18종의 유기농업자재의 살충효과를 조사한 결과 주성분이 마늘추출물 80%, 데리스추출물 70% 등인 자재 6종이 80% 이상의 살충률을 나타내었다.

먹노린재의 방제시기 설정을 위하여 서식지 내 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 전라남도를 중심으로 돌발 대량 발생 한 먹노린재의 발생 조사는 2023년도 벼의 모내기가 완료된 시점부터 전남 곡성군 석곡면과 여수시 화양면 일대 의 친환경단지에서 주 1회 실시하였으며, 벼의 수확이 완료되는 시점까지 진행될 예정이다. 금년도 발생 조사 결과는 지난 2021년도 결과와 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 현제까지의 결과, 여수시의 친환경단지 내 먹노린재 의 발생은 모내기가 완료된 이 후 2주 경과 시점에서 발견되었으며, 곡성군은 4주 경과 시점에서 발견되었고, 발생 최고점은 여수시의 경우 모내기 후 6주 경과 시점으로, 곡성군의 경우 5주 경과 시점으로 나타났다. 먹노린재 의 대발생이 지속되던 2021년도의 결과와 비교하였을 때, 2023년도 결과도 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 먹노린재 친환경제재 살포 시기는 모내기 후 2주 경과 시점이 적절한 것으로 나타났으며, 2차 방제 시점에 대해서 는 추가 조사를 통해서 제안하고자 한다.

Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) is a disease causing mass deaths of pine trees in South Korea, and the dead trees serve as breeding grounds for insect vectors responsible for spreading the disease to other host trees. Because the PWD requires early monitoring to minimize its damage on domestic forestry, this study aims to develop a species distribution model for predicting the potential distribution of PWD by using artificial neural network (ANN) with time-series data. Among the architectures, the Convolutional Neural Network exhibited the highest performance, achieving a validation accuracy of 0.854 and a cross-entropy loss of 0.401, and the InceptionTime model emerged as the second-best performer. This study identified the best-performing ANN architecture for a spatiotemporal evaluation of PWD occurrence, emphasizing the importance for determining hyperparameters with ecological characteristics and data types to apply deep learning into SDMs.

2022년 국내 노지 마늘, 대파, 양파, 부추 작물재배지에서 채집한 파총채벌레 지역집단들에 대하여 살충제 저항성을 조사하였다. 제조사 추천약량에서의 살충력은 acrinathrin SC를 제외한 6종 약제들이 안성 등 8개 집단 에서 모두 90%이상을 보였으며, Spinetoram SC와 fluxametamide EC는 추천농도의 100배 희석농도에서도 전 지역 집단에 걸쳐 높은 살충력을 보여주었다. 미리 저항성 진단농도로 코팅한 바이알을 이용한 지역집단의 저항성 검정을 실시한 결과, emamectin benzoate의 저항성이 신안 등 9개 지역집단에서 매우 높았으며, chrantraniliprole은 부산 등 4개 , spinetoram은 의성 등 3개, actamiprid와 chlorfenapyr는 각각 1개의 지역집단에서 저항성이 높게 발달 하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 지역별로는 주요 대파 및 양파 재배지인 안성, 서산, 진도, 신안 지역의 저항성 이 모든 약제에 대하여 전반적으로 높게 나타났다.