셰이머스 히니(Seamus Heaney) 시에 드러난 일관된 시학을 탈식민주의적 글쓰기라고 가정한다면, 그의 글쓰기는 단순한 개념의 정치 사회적 주장이라기보다는 기존의 중심주의, 중앙주의, 다수의 시공간적으로 설정된 지점을, 삭제된 주변화, 지역주의, 소수 즉 상징적 개념의 “그늘”로 재현하고 있다. 식민지 이후의 공간과 사람들에 대한 이러한 글쓰기와 이해는 기존의 탈식민주의의 가능성과는 다른 방식으로 작동한다. 히니는 기억을 통해 드러나는 식민공간을 물리적 노동의 생존 공간이자 창의적이고 생산적 공간으로 재현한다. 즉 익명적 노동의 주체와 억압적 역사의 일상이 긍정적 연속성을 획득한 치유의 시간성으로 전이된다. 결국 히니의 역사적 연속성은 민중들의 육체적 노동을 글쓰기라고 하는 정신적 노동과 동일시하는 시적 소재가 된다.

최근 세계화의 개념을 재정의하면서 문학 연구에서도 중심 문학과 변방 문학의 이분법적 논리를 해체하고 있다. 이러한 연구는 주변부 텍스트가 지역의 문학 에서 공동체적 텍스트로 다시 해석할 수 있는 근거를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구의 핵심은 바로 지역 문학에서 드러난 공간과 수용성의 문제가 특정 역사적 공간 안에서 새 로운 주체로서 어떻게 재배치되는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 히니 (Seamus Heaney) 시에 나타난 지역 문학으로서의 아일랜드라는 공간에서 창출되는 신화와 공간에 대한 탈신화화와 켈트주의(Celticism)를 살펴보고자 한다.

예이츠는 일반적으로 낭만주의자, 컬트주의자, 모더니스트로 알려지고 있다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 예이츠를 식민 사회를 경험한 탈식민주의자로 가정하여, 파농, 사이드 그리고 스피박의 이론을 가지고 예이츠의 텍스트를 분석하고자 한다. 문학의 독법으로서 탈식민화의 과정은 단순히 학문적 체계 안에서 글읽기로 남아있는 것이 아니라 주요 실천적인 독법의 전략을 가지고 있다. 이 논문의 주요 관심사는 그의 시적 글쓰기에 재현된 언어와 신화의 도구를 가지고 탈식민화에 기여했는가를 탐색하는 것이다. 결국, 탈식민주의적 담론과 텍스트 전략은 제국주의의 암묵적인 의도에 숨겨진 지배 이데올로기를 밝혀내는데 주요한 영향력을 가진다고 할 수 있다.

히니의 시학은 영국 식민지하의 공간이었던 아일랜드의 긍정적 혹은 부 정적 생산성의 주체인 농촌의 전통으로부터 시작된다. 그의 말처럼, 그의 글쓰기가 시 학적이든 아니면 정치적이든 간에 그의 글쓰기의 목적은 아카데미 안에서의 기술적 영 역이 아니라 언어와 문화의 진정성에서 획득된 힘이라고 볼 수 있다. 그의 글쓰기를 통 한 탈식민적 저항은 서구 식민주의의 환원주의가 아니라 공간에 대한 수용성에 있다. 식민 경험에 대한 시인의 수용성은 바로 그의 조국에 대한 현실적인 공간의식에 있다.

최근 문학 담론으로써의 탈식민주의 이론은 실천적 의미에서 텍스트 해석의 전략에 중요한 영향력을 행사하고 있다. 더불어 탈식민주의는 식민 경험을 했던 국가 안에서 문화적 맥락으로써 식민 담론을 전복한다는 의미에서도 중요한 의의를 가진다. 작가에게 이러한 의식은 글쓰기에서 탈식민 공간과 주체적 정체성을 형성하게 만들어 주는 동기를 제공한다. 이러한 측면에서 본 논문은 정전적 글읽기로 대변되었던 예이츠의 텍스트를 탈식민주의 전략 중의 하나인 탈정전적 글 읽기로 다시 조명해보기로 한다.

With Spivak’s term “subaltern” the purpose of this paper is to present a relationship between post-colonialism and feminism in Irish literature, and to demonstrate the feminine images represented in modern Irish contemporary texts. The Irish literary society tends to regard the minority women as the inferior one in the process of de-colonization. But the feminie writing is try to overcome the established attitude in post-colonial literature. At this juncture, Heaney, rather than focusing on particular events from colonialism to post-colonialism, concentrates primarily on the receptivity, remembering subaltern’s life, history, territory, and tongue of native women. His writing is not from the post-colonial literary tradition but from the native receptivity toward the women's life and its reality. Finally, through the reception of the feminine writing with the appropriated de-colonial writing, we should address “the women” represented in post-colonial text as the subaltern subjectivity.

Motivated with thinking of a new literary theory so called diaspora, the purpose of this paper is to explore Heaney’s postcolonial writing as he misreads the myth in decolonized Ireland. The relationship between the decolonial discourse and diasporic theory is riding on a current issue in writings. I assume that a growing interest among readers reflects this prevailing term for his work. His writing method and idea owe more to diasporic attitude in the respect that he subverts the established Irish myth. Heaney have been witnessed historical moments of Irish reality so he broke the fabricating historical myth. Heaney explored the traditional literature in Ireland, characterized by the effects of the experience of colonization and a sense of intellectual and spiritual deprivation. By way of this historical experience of authentic decolonization of his mother land, Heaney's writing became, more and more, politicized against the crisis which the repressive force of imperialism caused to occur. Under this traumatic disasters of Ireland, Heaney’s poetic quest makes him the practical struggle against the colonial power in a poetic way. And he creates a new decolonial place. It could be said that the poet attitude like that is diasporic writing as a new writing one.

Motivated with the poetic utterance that "all this is signified by their language" as Heaney's own word, this essay shows that Seamus Heaney, not just by resisting past colonial domination with a decolonial literary system, has successively served for playing the colonial language in his poetic representation and finally achieved the poetic autonomy. Under and after the colonial experience, Most of Irish poets have continually struggled against English political system and its language as a colonial one. But Heaney has consistently defended poetry as agent for redressing injustices in the corrupt world and at the same time as something to be re-established and celebrated in his own right. The process of Haney's quest for playing colonial language of his Irish identity as a poet can be effectively understood by examining the way in which he employs the poetic of redress. The main subject of Heaney's poetry is to find out his Irish identification with the past linguistic tradition and its continuity. The subject is linked with the questioning of how to turn to playing the colonial language between English language and Irish language so called Gaelic which has been dominated by the ideology of colonialism. The major focus of this essay is in his redress of poetic language and playing colonial language as well as how he appropriate language in his poetry. In this regard, This essay tries to search for the true linguistic attitude which Heaney has made every effort to materialize in his poetry. In short, Heaney's poetics can help his writings maintain the positionality of the decolonial dicourse and the decolonial literature.

Prefiguring the proliferation of postcolonial discourses in the next two decades, this essay attempts to illuminate the key issues pertaining to collectivity and individuality in postcolonial relations: territorial consciousness, linguistic domination, and cultural imperialism among others. The essay examines these interrelated questions in terms of what I would define as "postcolonial cognitive mapping." Cognitive mapping involves demarcating cultural territories as self and other, center and margin, and indigenous intellectuals in the third world and minority intellectuals in the first world. In relation to this mapping, Fredric Jameson demonstrates that third-world texts, even those which are seemingly private and invested with a properly libidinal dynamic necessarily project a political dimension in the form of "national allegory." That is to say, the story of the private individual destiny is always an allegory of the embattled situation of the Third World's culture and society. Meanwhile, Aubdul JanMohamed argues that the minority discourse should be located in non-identity-that is, not in shared identity such as race, nation, and gender, but rather in the shared experience of economic and cultural marginalization. At this juncture, the writing subject should be in the cultural and political thinking which is able to dialectically encompass both the collective tactics in third world and the individual one in First World. By doing this, the postcolonial writer can achieve the autonomy of his/her poetics of identity. If the postcolonial project in writing is at once to recognize and resist the continuing influence of colonialism, the only choice given is to use cognitive mapping strategically in order to achieve creative transcendence.

The essay attempts to rethink the widely acknowledged notion that the ecologial writing is a minium writing weapon to tackle the European writing and limit of modernity. Most of the intellectuals paying attention to decolonial theory have arrived in limited ideas about the recent decolonialism. As a result, the recent debates on decolonialism have been deployed under the assumptions that the so-called "troika of decolonial theory" advocated by Frentz Fanon, Edward Said, and Homi Bhabha. From the point of view, the essay thus purports to demonstrates that the unfamiliar theory ecology and ecological writing is widely helping to overcome the limit of established decolonial wiriting and interpretation of text. To do this, from a ecological viewpoint, the essay attempts to re-read the irish text and Irish decolonial poet Seamus Heaney's poem "Gifts of Rain," who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1996.Heaney concentrates primarily on the origin and mother land of the conflict in "Gifts of Rain" through elegiac poems celebrating the identity, history, territory and tongue of his irish people. But his imagination and attitude of writing is based on not just a decolonial method and idea but a ecological preoccupation on his "Mother Land." He looks forward to finding out integrated moments in his land beyond the political, religious, and topological separations. From the viewpoint of the ecological attitude, he finally enters into the deterritorial region against its dichotomous and counter-discursive tendency in decolonialism. Roughly speaking, some say that this new writing and epistemological method is just a utopian thought, but his ecological writing suggests that this is the most effective and creative means of making a new writing code and poetics moving from silent spectator to speaking actor/actress in the world.

This paper is trying to read the text with the current theory decolonialism. To this, The writer adopted the text Seamus Heaney's early poetry Death of a Naturalist. Seamus Heaney is known to be the most important poet since W. B. Yeats as a winner of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995. I assume that a growing interest among readers reflects this prevailing enthusiasm for his work. His method and idea owe more to decolonial attitude more than that of naturalist or romantist. This seems to be an attractive factor to draw a reader's attention. In fact, his poetry has the proper qualities to absorb the devotees of 'decolonialism' still dominant in dealing with the poetry. Decolonialism as a literary theory is becoming an influential textual strategy rather than remaining as one of the academic master discourse. So far, the established textual reading theories have been closely related to logocentrism, and they failed to be acknowledge as objective way of reading. For this reason, the decolonialism has an important implication in the sense that it subverts the colonial ideology within the context of colonized society, and at the same time, reconstructs counter-discourse to find out self-identity and decolonized space. Meanwhile, Heaney have been witnessed historical moments of the death of his mother land, Ireland as well as of the Irish people, as the history of Ireland manifests. In doing so, the Irish people broke the cycle of imperial situation. The consciousness of them became consciousness of the nation. By way of this historical experience of authentic decolonization, Heaney's aesthetics became, more and more, politicized against the crisis which the repressive force of imperialism caused to occur. Under this traumatic disasters of Ireland, Heaney's poetic quest makes him and practical struggle against the colonial power in a poetic way. The main subject of his poetry is to find out his Irish identity with the past tradition and its continuity. The subject is linked with the question to find out the Celtic identity between the past and the present which is dominated by colonialism. To regard this, this paper analyses Heaney's text focusing on the decolonialism expressed by his poetry. I try to examine the process of his poetic writings and its attitude against English colonialism. To do this, My major interest is in his Celtic myth and language employed in his poetry. And I attempt to search for the true Irishness which Heaney makes every effort to materialize the reality of Ireland in his poetry. To conclude, the decolonial discourse and its textual strategy has an tactics and also has an important implications that lay bare the dominant ideology hidden by the seemingly impersonal intention of colonialism.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore W. B. Yeats’ poetic representation from the perspective of an approach which has arrested critical attention in recent development of contemporary critical theories. In most of its previous readings, Yeats has been generally considered as a romantist, occultist, and even modernist. However, this paper regards Yeats as a decolonialist living in a colonial society, and attempts to locate Yeats’s position in the context of decolonialists view including Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, and Gayatri Spivak. Decolonialism as a literary theory is becoming an influential textual strategy rather than remaining as one of the academic master discourses. So far, the established textual reading theories have been closely related to logocentrism, and they failed to be acknowledged as an objective way of reading. For this reason, the decolonialism has an important implication in the sense that it subverts the colonial ideology within the context of colonized society, and at the same time, reconstructs counter-discourse to find out self-identity and decolonized space. Yeats lived in Ireland from birth to death. During his lifetime, Ireland was under the colonial rule by England. At that time, under the influence of the Irish armed struggle in 1916, Yeats had eye-witnessed historical moments of the death of his mother land, Ireland as well as of the Irish people, as the history of Ireland manifests. In doing so, the Irish people broke the cycle of imperial situation. The consciousness of them became consciousness of the nation. The nationalists claimed the independence of their Ireland. By way of this historical experience of authentic decolonialization, Yeats’s aesthetics became, more and more, politicized against the crisis which the repressive force of imperialism caused. In this traumatic disasters of Ireland, Yeats’s poetic quest makes him struggle against the colonial power in a poetic way. In this regard, this thesis analyses Yeats’s text from the perspective of decolnialism. To begin with, focusing on the decolonization expressed by Yeats’s text, I tries to examine the process of his poetical writings and his attitude against colonialism. To this do, my major interest is in his myth and language employed in his poetry. And I attempt to search for the true Irishness in which Yeats makes every effort to materialize the reality of Ireland in his poetry. To sum up, the decolonial discourse and its textual strategy have important implications that lay bare the dominant ideology hidden in the seemingly impersonal intention of imperiali’sm.