성숙 콩 종실에는 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 3대 영양소와 아이소플라본, 안토시아닌, 레시틴, 사포닌, 루테인, 플라보노이드와 같은 기능성 성분 뿐만 아니라 리폭시지나아제, 쿠니츠트립신인히비터, 렉틴, 7S αʹ-subunit 단백질과 같은 항영양 성분들도 포함하고 있어 콩을 가공하고 섭취하는 데 제약과 어려움이 발생하며 품질과 기능성을 저하시킨다. 본 연구는 성숙 콩 종실에서 항영양 성분인 lipoxygenase, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI), lectin 및 7S αʹ-subunit의 4가지 단백질을 암호하는 유전자들이 tetra null 유전자형(lox1lox2lox3tilecgy1)으로 이들 항영양성 단백질이 축적되지 않고, 갈색 종피인 계통을 육성하기 위하여 진행되었다. 4개의 모본(Jinpumkong#2, Gaechuck#2, PI506876, PI548392)을 이용한 육종집 단이 창성되었다. SDS 전기영동과 western blot 기술로 4가지 단백질(lipoxygenase, KTI, lectin, 7S αʹ-subunit)의 존재 여부를 결정하는 유전자가 모두 열성인 tetra null 유전자형과 갈색 종피를 가진 F2 개체가 선발되었다. 선발개체는 세대진전을 통하여 초형, 성숙기, 탈립, 백립중 및 종자상태와 같은 농업형질을 평가하였고, F5 세대에서 4가지 단백질과 갈색 종피에 대한 유전적 고정을 확인하였다. 선발 계통의 경장은 68cm 정도였으며, 백립중은 29.2g으로 대립에 속하였고, 종피색은 갈색이고 제색은 하얀색이며 성숙 자엽색은 노란색이었다. 본 연구를 통하여 선발된 계통은 성숙 콩 종실에서 품질과 기능성을 저하시키는 lipoxygenase, KTI, lectin 및 7S αʹ-subunit 단백질이 모두 검출되지 않는 유색콩 품종 육성을 위한 중간모본으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

The exposed population of a vulnerable group to high ozone episodes (exceeding 60 ppb/8h) was estimated in Busan metropolitan city from 2000 to 2010. The frequency of high ozone days at monitoring sites and the number of the population aged over 65 were used to calculate the accumulated (total, seasonal, and yearly) number of the exposed older population (EOP) to high ozone episodes during the study period based on administrative areas, by interpolation and zonal mean methods in ArcGIS software. The older population in this city had increased significantly from 2000 to 2010 (representing over 10% of the total population in 2010). The vulnerable areas (e.g. the eastern area of the city) of the EOP to high ozone episodes were different from the areas with frequent high ozone episodes (e.g., the western area) due to the increase of the older population in particular areas. The difference was more significant in spring than in any other season, and in 2010 than in previous years (2000 and 2005).

The characteristics of meteorological conditions and air pollution were investigated in a valley city (Yangsan) on bad visibility days (from 05:00 to 09:00 LST) of the cold half year (November 2008 to April 2009). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and 2 m and 10 m temperature) and air pollutants (NO2, SO2, PM10, and O3). In addition, visibility data based on visual measurements and a visibility meter were used. The bad visibility days were classified into four types: fog, mist, haze, and the mixture (mist+haze). The results showed that the bad visibility days of the four types in the valley city were observed to be more frequently (about 50% of the total study period (99 days except for missing data)) than (27%) those near coastal metropolitan city (Busan). The misty days (39%) in the valley city were the most dominant followed by the hazy (37%), mixture (14%), and foggy days (10%). The visibility degradation on the misty days in Yangsan was closely related to the combined effect of high-level relative humidity due to the accumulation of water vapor from various sources (e.g. river, stream, and vegetation) and strong inversion due to the development of surface radiative cooling within the valley. On the hazy days, the visibility was mainly reduced by the increase in air pollutant (except for O3) concentrations from the dense emission sources under local conditions of weaker winds from the day before and stronger inversion than the misty days. The concentrations of NO2, PM10, and SO2 (up to +36 ppb, +25 ㎍/m3, and +7 ppb) on the hazy days were a factor of 1.4-2.3 higher than those (+25 ppb, +14 ㎍ /m3, and +3 ppb) on the misty days.

The seasonal variations of ozone (O3) concentrations were investigated with regard to the relationship between O3 and wind distributions at two different sites (Jung Ang (JA): a semi-closed topography and Seo Chang (SC): a closed topography) within a valley city (Yangsan) and their comparison between these sites (JA and SC) and two non-valley sites (Dae Jeo (DJ) and Sang Nam (SN)) located downwind from coastal cities (Busan and Ulsan). This analysis was performed using the data sets of hourly O3 concentrations, meteorological factors (especially, wind speed and direction), and those on high O3 days exceeding the 8-h standard (60 ppb) during 2008-2009. In summer and fall (especially in June and October), the monthly mean values of the daily maximum O3 concentrations and the number of high O3 days at JA (and SC) were relatively higher than those at DJ (and SN). The increase in daytime O3 concentrations at JA in June was likely to be primarily impacted by the transport of O3 and its precursors from the coastal emission sources in Busan along the dominant southwesterly winds (about 5 m/s) under the penetration of sea breeze condition, compared to other months and sites. Such a phenomenon at SC in October was likely to be mainly caused by the accumulation of O3 and its precursors due to the relatively weak winds under the localized stagnant weather condition rather than the contribution of regional transport from the emission sources in Busan and Ulsan.

The relative contributions of physical and chemical processes to the production of ozone (O3) were evaluated based on an integrated process rate (IPR) analysis using the MM5/CMAQ in a downtown (i.e., Yangsan_U) and suburban area (i.e., Ungsang) on high ozone days during spring and summer in 2006 (28 April and 8 August 2006). The IPR includes a horizontal advection (HADV) and diffusion (HDIF), a vertical advection (ZADV) and diffusion (VDIF), a dry deposition (DDEP), and a chemistry (CHEM). The VDIF in Yangsan_U was found to be the most dominant contributor (29.5% in spring and 32.1% in summer) to high O3 concentrations, followed by the HADV and ZADV. In contrast, the contributions of the HADV (40.3% in spring and 32.3% in summer) in Ungsang were significantly higher than those of VDIF and ZADV. Moreover, O3 production due to the chemical effect in the two areas (especially in Ungsang) during summer was found to be moderately higher than that during spring.