Companies are making design changes by improving product quality and function to succeed while meeting customer requirements continuously. Design changes are changing the product BOM's amount, item, specification, and shape while causing a change in the product's structure. At this time, the problem of inventory exhaustion of parts before design change is a big topic. If the inventory exhaustion fails, the pieces before the design change become unused and are discarded, resulting in a decrease in asset value, and the quality cost of the design change affects the company's profits. Therefore, it is necessary to decide to minimize quality costs while minimizing waste inventory costs at the time of application of design changes. According to the analysis, priorities should be prioritized according to urgency because the quantity of items before the design change affects the applied lead time.

In the present work, Inconel 718 alloy is additively manufactured on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and a functionally graded material is built between Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The vanadium interlayer is applied to prevent the formation of detrimental intermetallic compounds between Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 by direct joining. The additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 alloy is performed by changing the laser power and scan speed. The microstructures of the joint interface are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and micro X-ray diffraction. Additive manufacturing is successfully performed by changing the energy input. The micro Vickers hardness of the additive manufactured Inconel 718 dramatically increased owing to the presence of the Cr-oxide phase, which is formed by the difference in energy input.

A manufacturing company should produce its products and make a profit to continue its management. With the adoption of a multi-category small-volume production system, manufacturers that produce concrete pump-cine products are carrying out improvement activities to increase their market share amid the business-to-customer business environment. However, the slump in the construction investment environment has led to a decline in sales of concrete pump trucks. The purpose of holding inventory is to prevent loss of sales opportunities with the rate of change in the sales plan, and reducing the rate of change in the product can reduce unnecessary inventory and, in order to realize this, the goal of reducing inventory can be achieved by reviewing the parts that can be designed for common use. Therefore, to reduce the inventory of concrete pump trucks, semi-finished publicization design is necessary. According to the analysis, the frame assembly process of the 32M model is common. Production capacity can be secured without loss of sales opportunity.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a highly innovative method for joining dissimilar materials for industrial applications. In the present work, AM of STS630 and Ti-6Al-4V powder alloys on medium entropy alloys (MEAs) NiCrCo and NiCrCoMn is studied. The STS630 and Ti64 powders are deposited on the MEAs. Joint delamination and cracks are observed after the deposition of Ti64 on the MEAs, whereas the deposition of STS630 on the MEAs is successful, without any cracks and joint delamination. The microstructure around the fusion zone interface is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Intermetallic compounds are formed at the interfacial regions of MEA-Ti64 samples. In addition, Vicker’s hardness value increased dramatically at the joint interface between MEAs and Ti-6Al-4V compared to that between MEAs and STS630. This result is attributed to the brittle nature of the joint, which can lead to a decrease in the joint strength.

This study presents a single machine scheduling algorithm to minimize total cost(lateness cost, earliness cost and failure cost) by controlling machining speed. Generally, production scheduling uses the information of process planning and machining speed

Eighteen years have passed since Korea introduced plant variety protection (PVP) system. Korea is being considered as one of the countries which introduced PVP system successfully. However, there have been lots of changes in circumstances surrounding PVP system during this period. Regarding future direction of PVP system in Korea, firstly the function and role of three organizations which now independently operate PVP system need to be reorganized to improve efficiency in PVP operation dealing with global issues. Secondly, authorities need to devise more user-oriented application form and process. This is because breeders feel some difficulties in preparing application documents. Thirdly, Korea has to create sound environments which guarantee effective enforcement of breeders’ rights and secure reliability of the system against infringement. Regarding decision of infringement, a reasonable threshold should be set up to decide whether certain varieties are different from protected varieties or not using both growing test and DNA test. For essentially derived varieties (EDV), authorities need to establish a reasonable threshold to decide whether there is an essential derivation or not. In addition, to prevent dispute between PVP holders and farmers regarding the use of farm saved seeds in the future, clarification of farm saved seed article in legislation is necessary. Lastly, there might be some contradiction between PVP and Nagoya protocol in disclosure of origin, prior informed consent, benefit sharing, etc. In advance of enactment of domestic ABS law, authority needs to study impact of Nagoya protocol on PVP system to minimize confusion and damage on breeders.

‘유럽연합 품종보호에 관한 규정’(기본규정)에 근거하여 운영되는 유럽연합 품종보호제도는 1995년 도입되었으며, 유럽연합 품종보호사무소에 한 번의 출원으로 유럽연합(EU) 28개 회원국에서 품종보호 등록품종에 대한 배타적인 권리를 누릴 수 있는 효율적인 제도이다. 출원료는 650유로이고 연간 심사료는 작물 그룹별로 1,430∼3,210유로 범위이며연간 품종보호료는 작물에 상관없이 250유로이다. 2013년도 출원건수는 3,297건으로 제도 도입 후 최대 출원건수를 기록하였고 품종보호사무소 설립이후 50개국 이상으로부터 출원이 이루어졌으며, 거의 매년 1/3이상은 네덜란드(2013년 1,226건)에서 출원되고 있다. 2013년도 품종보호 등록건수는 2,706건으로 역대 최고 출원건수를 기록하였고 2013년말 현재 유지되고 있는 품종보호권은 21,576건이다. 기본규정은 UPOV의 1991협약을 반영하여 권리범위가 1978협약에 비해 확대되었으나 수확물에 대한 권리범위가 구체적으로 기술되지 않아 육종가 권리의 사각지대가 발생할 수 있다. 육종가 권리 예외 조항에 따라 농업인은 일부 농작물류에 대해 일반적인 로열티보다 적은 금액의 로열티로 자가채종 종자를 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 육종가는 자가채종 종자 사용에 대한 정보 획득의 어려움 등으로 로열티 징수에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 기본유래품종 조항은 육종가 예외조항에 의해 발생할 수 있는 유사·복제 품종 문제를 예방할 수 있지만 기본유래품종 여부를 판단하는 표준 프로토콜이나 임계치가 없는 실정이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 조화된 품종보호제도가 운영되고 있지만 육종가의 권리행사 여건은 유럽연합 회원국별로 차이가 큰 편이며 일부의 경우 권리침해 문제를 해결하기 위한 시스템이 제대로 작동하고 있지 않은 상황이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 범국가적으로 운영되고 있는 유럽연합 품종보호제도가 한층 더 발전하기 위해서는 이러한 문제들을 해결해야 할 것으로 보인다.