적조가 처음 시작되는 해역을 조기에 파악하기 위하여 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)을 경남해역 적조현장에 활용하였다. 2019년 경남해역을 대상으로 Cochlodinium polykrikoides를 qPCR로 정량분석한 결과, 6월 초에 저밀도로(0.0015~0.0058 cells mL-1) 검출되기 시작하여 8월 중순에는 최대 0.163 cells mL-1 밀도로 증가하였고, 주로 남해도 주변에서 높게 검출되었다. 8월 말에는 현미경 검경으로 남해도 주변에서 높게 출현함이 확인되었고(최대 24 cells mL-1), 9월 2일에는 남해도에서 적조주의보가 발령되었고(최대 200 cells mL-1), 9월 11일에는 최대 12,000 cells mL-1까지 남해도 해역에서 발생하였다. 위 결과는 극미량의 C. polykrikoides이 적조발생 전에 남해도에서 검출 되었고 이후 같은 해역에서 적조가 발생되었음을 보여준다. 이는 qPCR이 극미량의 C. polykrikoides을 조기검출하는데 유용한 방법임을 보여준다.

최근 우리나라 연안에서 출현빈도가 점차 늘어나고 있는 침편모조류에 속하는 Chattonella는 대표적인 유해조류 중 하나로, 이들 종은 세포벽이 없어, 단순히 세포의 형태나 크기 등 광학현미경 관찰만으로는 정확하게 동정하는 것이 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2017년 득량만에서 발생한 Chattonella 적조 시료를 대상으로 단일 세포를 분리하고, 이들 시료의 28s rDNA, rbcL, psaA 영역을 대상으로 single-cell PCR 기법을 이용하여 종 동정을 실시하였다. 현미경 관찰 결과 장축은 평균 74.0±10.1㎛이고 단축은 평균 33.1±3.6㎛로 일반적인 Chattonella의 형태적 특징을 보였다. 28s rDNA, rbcL, psaA 영역을 대상으로 한 염기서열 비교 결과에서는 세 영역 모두에서 하나의 종으로 명확히 구분되지는 않았다. 하지만 C. marina, C. marina var. antiqua, C. marina var. ovata 그룹과 99~100% 높은 서열 유사성을 보였다.

This study aims to contribute to the development of physical education (PE) by examining the relationship between middle and high school students’ satisfaction in pre-PE experiences and preferences in each area of selected physical activity contents. The

외부에서 투여된 열자극, 알콜 및 생리적 염과 같은 환경 스트레스는 체내 각 부위에서 스트레스단백질(열자극단백질, HSP)을 생성하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 비소가 흰쥐 대동맥의 수축에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 스트레스단백질의 발현과 대동맥의 수축력의 변화와 이들과의 관계를 알아보고자 실험을 실시하였다 적출한 혈관은 organ bath에 담가 0, 0.5, 1, 2,및 4 mM As를 처리한 후 1, 3, 및 8시간 뒤에 KCI(55 mM)에 대한 수

To examine whether salt stress would alter or not contractility of isolated rat aorta, under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital(50 mg Kg-1 i.p.), male Sprague Dawley rats(300-330 g) were subjected to 0, 50, and 150 mM of sodium chloride at 37℃ for 60 min. where as the sham group was left at modified Krebs-bicarbonate solution. To measure contractile response of vascular ring preparation isolated from rat was determined in organ bath and was recorded on physiograph connected to isometric transducer. And the strip was checked for expression of heat shock protein(Hsp) by Western blotting. One, three and eight hours later, we measured vascular contractility of isolated rat aorta treated with KCl, phenylephrine from organ bath study. The dose-vascular responses of potassium chloride and phenylephrine showed a little augmentation by NaCl concentration in the strips exposed to NaCl for 8 hours. And the response of relaxation induced by nitroprusside and acetylcholine was not influenced by NaCl stress in isolated aorta ring for 8 hours, respectively. Expression pattern of Hsp 70 of vascular muscle in isolated rat aorta showed a little increase in 150 mM NaCl group at 8 hours after NaCl treatment but not at 3 hours, and Hsp 60 expression of rat aorta was markedly increased in 50 mM NaCl group at 8 hours after NaCl treatment. Taken together, NaCl induced dose- and time dependent accumulation of the Hsp but not affected contraction of rat aorta. These data suggest that short term high salt stress was not sufficient to induce hypertension of rat aorta..

In order to examine if arsenic, one of environmental stresses, contributes to hypertension as one of cardiovascular pathological factors, this study was performed in vivo and in vitro, using intacted or pithed rats and aorta ring preparation, respectively. And also the relationship between expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and vasoactives-induced contractile response was elucidated. To measure blood pressure, the carotid arterial pressure was recorded on physiograph(Grass Co. 79E) connected to strain gauge. On the other hand, contractile response of vascular ring preparation isolated from rat was determined in organ bath and was recorded on physiograph connected to isometric transducer. And HSP was detacted by Western blotting whole cell lysis. Preganglionic nerve stimulation was increased by 26.0% in arterial pressure of rat treated with arsenic. Vascular contractile response was monitored and HSP were measured by Western blotting of whole lysis prepared from samples exposed with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM of arsenic for 8 hours. The dose-vascular responses of potassium chloride were augmented by increasing dose of arsenic in the strips exposed to arsenic for 8 hours, and were not augmented for 1, 3, 5 hours. And the response of relaxation of rat aorta induced by histamine was not influenced by arsenic stress. The increase of HSP 90 expression in rat aorta was pronounced at 8 hours after 4 mM of arsenic treatment, but HSP 60 expression was not. Arsenic stress not only increased the expression of HSP 90 in the rat aorta, but also augmented contractions to potassium chloride. These results indicated that arsenic stress was sufficient to induce heat shock protein 90, resulting in increased vascular contractility in rat aorta.

Effects of aluminium(Al), soil pH and calcium(Ca) on growth response and heavy metal accumulation and regulation of nitrogen fixation in Melilotus suaveolens seedlings, a biennial legume plant dominating in the disturbed area, were quantitatively analyzed during the growing periods. Accumulation of metals in each organ of M. suaveolens was increased with the lowering of pH. Al contents in leaf and root treated with 30ppm Al at pH 4.2 on the 28th day after treatment were 8 and 11 folds higher than those of control, while the contents with 100ppm Al were 21 and 24 folds as compared to control. The significent inhibition in Al contents was induced by 100ppm Al and Ca at pH 6.5. Increased metals inhibited height at pH 4.2 and the growth inhibition due to Al was reversed by the addition of Ca, suggesting that growth correlates to the pH value. Chlorophyll contents in leaves increased during growth stage were inhibited by Al treatments. The biomass was decreased with the lowering of pH and the increase of concentrations. 100ppm Ca treatment resulted in 5.1-5.9% increase of the biomass as compared to that of 100ppm Al. Specific nitrogen fixation activities in nodules in the 100ppm Al at pH 4.2 and pH 6.5 were reduced to 35. 2% and 52.2% of control, on the 28th day after treatment, while the combination of Al and Ca induced inhibition of activities to 4.6% and 69.9% of control, respectively. Total amount of nitrogen fixation was reduced by 10% as compared to control with the treatment of 100ppm Al at pH 4.2 due to the inhibition of nodule formation. However the stimulative effect of nodule formation was enhanced by the combination of 100ppm Al and Ca and lowering of pH.