The conservation of wetland ecosystems has a significant role in climate change. Notably, the Han River Protected Area, including the Siam-ri wetland and Janghang wetland, provides high biodiversity value. Thus, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the function and value of wetland ecosystems. This study evaluated the ecosystem services of Siam-ri and Janghang Wetlands located in the Han River Protected Area using the Rapid Assessment Wetland Ecosystem Services approach, a function-oriented ecosystem analysis. The results were calculated using the Ecosystem Services Index formula to analyze wetland ecosystem services. We also assessed the key ecosystem services based on a focus group interview. We identified that the supporting and cultural services index scores were relatively high in the study area. The results can provide helpful information for sustainable wetland conservation, conservation planning as primary data, and raising awareness for the Han River Protected Area.

In this study, the biogeochemistry management (BGC-MAN) model was applied to North and South Korea pine and oak forest stands to evaluate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP), an indicator of forest ecosystem productivity. For meteorological information, historical records and East Asian climate scenario data of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) were used. For vegetation information, pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus spp.) forest stands were selected at the Gwangneung and Seolmacheon in South Korea and Sariwon, Sohung, Haeju, Jongju, and Wonsan, which are known to have tree nurseries in North Korea. Among the biophysical information, we used the elevation model for topographic data such as longitude, altitude, and slope direction, and the global soil database for soil data. For management factors, we considered the destruction of forests in North and South Korea due to the Korean War in 1950 and the subsequent reforestation process. The overall mean value of simulated NPP from 1991 to 2100 was 5.17 Mg C ha-1, with a range of 3.30-8.19 Mg C ha-1. In addition, increased variability in climate scenarios resulted in variations in forest productivity, with a notable decline in the growth of pine forests. The applicability of the BGC-MAN model to the Korean Peninsula was examined at a time when the ecosystem process-based models were becoming increasingly important due to climate change. In this study, the data on the effects of climate change disturbances on forest ecosystems that was analyzed was limited; therefore, future modeling methods should be improved to simulate more precise ecosystem changes across the Korean Peninsula through processbased models.

This manuscript describes the relationship between climate change and forest growth, forest species, carbon stocks, and tree mortality. 1) In the aspect of forest growth, the growth of major coniferous species, including Pinus densiflora, had a negative correlation with temperature. On the other hand, major deciduous oak species, including Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica, had a positive correlation with temperature. 2) When considered in the aspect of the forest species distribution, various models commonly showed a decrease in the distribution of coniferous species and an increase in oak species due to climate change in the medium to long term. 3) From the carbon stock perspective, there was a difference in the estimation according to the status of forest management. Most of Korean forests will mature to become over-matured forest after year 2030 and are estimated to produce approximately 410 million ton forest biomass until 2090 with the current cutting regulations for sustainable forest management announced by the Korean Forest Service. 4) In the forest mortality, the mortality rate of the major coniferous species showed a clear tendency to increase higher temperatures while it decreased for the oak species with no verification of statistical significance. Moreover, the mortality of the subalpine coniferous species was projected to progress rapidly. considering the overall impacts described above, there should be a management strategy for coniferous species that are relatively vulnerable to climate change. Moreover, a sustainable forest plan in the aspect of ecosystem services, carbon sequestration and storage, which is linked to global issues such as Sustainable Development Goals, ecosystem services and negative emission.

북한의 산림 황폐화는 매우 심각한 것으로 보고되고 있으 며, 이를 해결하기 위해 황폐화 방지와 온실가스 감축을 목 표로 한 REDD+ 사업에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연 구에서는 북한 황해북도에서 10,000 ha를 대상지에 대해 다 중시기 토지피복 변화를 분석하였다. 연구 대상지의 산림 황 폐화는 계속 심해져, 1989년 7,035 ha로부터 2013년 4,293 ha로 약 39%가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그에 따라 산림 탄소축적량은 약 284,399 tCO2 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 기 준선을 설정하고 REDD+ 사업에 의한 산림탄소 감소방지 량 (온실가스배출감축량)을 분석한 결과 약 364,704 tCO2가 감소하지 않고 유지될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 현장조사 수행이 불가능한 한계점과 단위면적 (ha)당 산림탄소축적량 을 이용할 시 북한의 수종 재적 자료가 없는 제한 하에 남한 의 자료를 사용한 한계는 향후 극복하여야 할 과제라고 판 단된다. 그러나 본 연구는 향후 북한에서 REDD+ 사업을 위 해 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

A Li2O-2SiO2 (LS2) glass was investigated as a lithium-ion conducting oxide glass, which is applicable to a fast ionic conductor even at low temperature due to its high mechanical strength and chemical stability. The Li2O-2SiO2 glass is likely to be broken into small pieces when quenched; thus, it is difficult to fabricate a specifically sized sample. The production of properly sized glass samples is necessary for device applications. In this study, we applied spark plasma sintering (SPS) to fabricate LS2 glass samples which have a particular size as well as high transparency. The sintered samples, 15mmφ×2mmT in size, (LS2-s) were produced by SPS between 480˚C and 500˚C at 45MPa for 3~5mim, after which the thermal and dielectric properties of the LS2-s samples were compared with those of quenched glass (LS2-q) samples. Thermal behavior, crystalline structure, and electrical conductivity of both samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an impedance/gain-phase analyzer, respectively. The results showed that the LS2-s had an amorphous structure, like the LS2-q sample, and that both samples took on the lithium disilicate structure after the heat treatment at 800˚C. We observed similar dielectric peaks in both of the samples between room temperature and 700˚C. The DC activation energies of the LS2-q and LS2-s samples were 0.48±0.05eV and 0.66±0.04eV, while the AC activation energies were 0.48±0.05eV and 0.68±0.04eV, respectively.

The current study examined Ag migration from the Ag paste bump in the SABiT technology-applied PCB. A series of experiments were performed to measure the existence/non-existence of Ag in the insulating prepreg region. The average grain size of Ag paste was 30 nm according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. Conventional XRD showed limitations in finding a small amount of Ag in the prepreg region. The surface morphology and cross section view in the Cu line-Ag paste bump-Cu line structure were observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The amount of Ag as a function of distance from the edge of Ag paste bump was obtained by FE-SEM with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). We used an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) to improve the detecting resolution of Ag content and achieved the Ag distribution function as a function of the distance from the edge of the Ag paste bump. The same method with EPMA was applied for Cu filled via instead of Ag paste bump. We compared the distribution function of Ag and Cu, obtained from EPMA, and concluded that there was no considerable Ag migration effect for the SABiT technology-applied printed circuit board (PCB).

산업부산물인 폐유황의 재활용을 목적으로 개질 처리된 유황을 대상으로 콘크리트용 혼화재료로서의 개질 처리된 유황 액체와 분말을 콘크리트에 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 외할 첨가하여 개질유황 액체와 분말의 첨가별 물리적 특성 및 내구성능을 평가한 결과를 고찰하였다.

본 연구는 매년 반복적으로 발생하는 인적재난의 피해를 최소화하고 시민보호를 위한 생활안전 위험요인을 분석하여 이를 연구과제 도출을 위한 로드맵으로 도식화하여 과학기술기반의 연구과제 목록을 제시하였다. 연구결과, 인적재난의 반복적인 통계가 잡히고 있지만, 이에 대한 체계적이고 종합적인 연구과제화 연구가 이루어지지 않아, 인적재난 연구가 미미하였으며, 이러한 반복적인 인적재난을 줄이기 위한 과학적인 접근으로, 정책과 매뉴얼과 평가가 일원화하여 시민의 생명과 재산을 보호할 수 있는 기반을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 매년 발생하는 인적재난의 반복적인 문제 해결을 위한 과제도출과 인명피해를 최소화하기 위한 관점에서의 과제도출과 인프라와 법제도 정비를 통한 지원체계상의 과제도출 방안 등을 제시하였다. 앞으로, 인적재난 최소화를 위한 연구를 종합적으로 재난관리하고, 체계적인 연구과제 지원으로 인하여 시민보호에 더욱 유용한 결과를 얻게 될 것으로 기대한다.

산업부산물인 폐유황의 재황용을 목적으로 개질처리된 유황을 대상으로 콘크리트용 혼화재료로써의 물성검토를 위하여 개질처리된 유황을 콘크리트에 외할 첨가하여 개질유황 첨가별 압축강도 및 내구성능을 평가한 결과를 고찰하였다.