Bootleg fashion emerged from the fashion industry after 2010, and has been used across a range of different genres. However, it has yet to be theoretically established; therefore, this study will explain bootleg fashion as a new genre, which will help in the planning and designing of products within domestic fashion brands. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and internal meaning of bootleg fashion as a recently emerged fashion phenomenon that borrows from other brands without permission. The research methodology included a theoretical literature review of fashion sites and related materials and empirical research using case analysis. Results of the analysis of both characteristics and internal meaning of bootleg fashion suggest the following characteristics:ﾠ“unauthorized use of symbolic elements,” “disorganization of boundaries between fashion,” “multiplicity through globalization,” and “newness through deconstruction and recombination.” Internal meanings derived from the analysis were “parody through symbol,” which is seen as “a parody and homage resulting from the unauthorized use of a brand,” while “decomposition through disorganization” is seen as a break-up of the boundaries between different fashions from a mainstreamoriented perspective. A juxtaposition of elements was demonstrated by “playfulness through transformation,” which showed that such fashion cannot coexist with positional transposition. Finally, “spread as a cultural phenomenon” was derived through the diffusion through digital media with DIY culture. As such, bootleg fashion has been reborn as an innovative fashion genre, breaking the taboo of the illegitimate from the past and demonstrating new endeavors.

The aim of this study was to evaluate various methods for producing high-quality fuel pellets using rape stalk (RS), which is an agricultural waste. RS was used as a raw material for pellets production after three treatments [distilled water (DW), sulfuric acid (AC), sodium hydroxide (AK) solutions]. Then, fabricated pellets with two binder additions [ rapeseed flour (RF), coffee waste (CW)] were examined to evaluate their fuel qualities. Results showed that binder additions (RF, CW) improve the durability and higher heating value for RS-based pellets. The addition of CW greatly decreased ash content for fabricated pellets. Also, all immersion treatments improved all fuel qualities compared to non-immersed treatment. Particularly, DW-immersion had favorable influences on the increases of higher heating value and durability. Two immersion treatments (AC, AK solution) positively influenced the improvements of bulk density and ash content for fabricated pellets. However, they were required to rinse the residue existed on the RS, and consequently the use of DW-immersion might be the most beneficial way to improve the qualities of RS-based pellets. All qualities of the pellets were acceptable for the European agropellet standards (A- or B-grade). Hence, RS can be used as a raw material for the production of agropellets while outdoor exposure of RS or mixing RS with CW or wood sawdust might be help to better agropellets qualities.