A total of 481,414 Korean participants aged 40-79 years at enrollment were examined. The hazard ratios for all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, which were adjusted for potential confounding factors. In the overall study population, the highest AST/ALT ratio level was significantly associated with risk of all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer mortality (p < 0.01). After excluding participants who died of all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer within five years of enrollment, the main results remained similar to those of the analysis of all deaths in the study population. These findings indicate that serum AST/ALT ratio is positively associated with an increased mortality risk in all-cause, all-cancer, and head and neck cancer.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore university students’ experiences of participating in online classes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A survey was conducted with 169 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in W City from May 5 to 22, 2021 through an online survey platform. Qualitative data were collected from 13 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in the same area through three focus group interviews between May 22 and 25 and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The experience of online classes was rated in the following order: live lectures (92.9%) and recorded lectures (73.4%). Satisfaction with online classes was rated for recorded lectures, which were scored 3.54±1.05 (out of five), and live lectures, which were scored 3.32±1.02. Lack of interaction with faculty (37.9%) and lack of participating practicum (30.8%) were cited as dissatisfaction factors in online classes. From the qualitative data, five sub-themes were identified: “not being respected in one’s learning”, “increased burden of learning in a situation of poor communication,” “it's not that I hate online classes”, “efforts to improve the loose will and attitude toward classes”, “reduced quality of experience and uncertain future”. These sub-themes were abstracted under the theme of “everyday life of learning alone toward an uncertain future”. Conclusion: To ensure more effective online learning, it is necessary to strengthen the interaction between faculty and students, apply online teaching strategies suitable for class objectives, and support various programs to motivate students for self-directed learning.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the bidirectional association between burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and depression disorders. Methods: A total of 854 pairs of BMS and 58 999 pairs of depression disorders matched 1:1 for age and sex were analyzed using conditional logistic regression models, which were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Bidirectional analysis found that BMS was associated with depression disorders (odds ratio=4.64, P < 0.001) and depression disorders was also significantly associated with BMS (odds ratio=2.97, P < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate a significant bidirectional association between BMS and depression disorders. The odds ratios suggest that BMS is a stronger predictor for incidence of depression disorders than depression disorders predicting incidence of BMS. Given this retrospective cohort design, the mechanisms underlying the association between BMS and depression disorders are not directly analyzed. Therefore, further investigation are needed to analyze the causality between BMS and depression disorders.

여수 사도 공룡발자국 화석지는 많은 수의 공룡발자국 화석과 함께 공룡의 집단행동에 대한 연구로 잘 알려진 지역이다. 또한 다양한 종류의 지질유산 및 지형유산이 분포하고 있어 지질관광과 지질교육의 장으로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 지리적 위치에 따른 접근성, 조차에 의한 시간적 제약, 지속적인 풍화 및 훼손에 의해 학생들의 교육을 위한 야외조사는 매우 제한적으로만 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 이번 연구는 최근 다양한 분야에서 이용되고 있는 사진측량법을 이용하여 사도의 공룡발자국 화석들의 3D 모델과 이미지를 생성한 후 이를 통해 과거에 확인하지 못한 화석에 대한 세부적인 정보를 확인함과 동시에 이를 교육자료로 활용 할 수 있는 방안에 대하여 제안하고자 한다. 획득한 3D 이미 지를 통해 확인한 결과 기존에 육안이나 사진으로 확인하지 못하였던 일부 발자국 화석들의 존재를 확인할 수 있었고 기존에 발견된 화석이라도 사진이나 해석 드로잉으로 표현하지 못하였던 세부를 이미지로 나타낼 수 있었다. 또한 발자국 화석의 3D 모델은 향후 반영구적인 데이터로 보존할 수 있어 여러 형태로의 활용과 보존이 가능하다. 이번 연구에서는 사진측량법으로 얻어진 3D 모델을 활용하여 3D 프린팅 및 가상야외조사에 활용할 모바일 증강현실 콘텐츠를 구현하였으며 향후 3D 모델이 필요한 다양한 교육 콘텐츠 분야에서 사진측량법을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

This study was investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant of dried Dioscorea bulbifera with various pre-soaking concentrations of oligosaccharide. Dioscorea bulbifera are prepared by additions of 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10% oligosaccharide solution, and dried at 50℃. The effects of pre-soaking percent of Dioscorea bulbifera slices were evaluated by the moisture, soluble solid, pH, titratable acidity, color, browning degree, texture, antioxidant activities and sensory test. According to the percent of pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution was increased, the moisture was increased but soluble solids and titratable acidity were decreased. With respect to the result of colors, Dioscorea bulbifera slices that underwent the 10% pre-soaked process (85.86%) were lighter than control (73.88%). However, the redness and yellowness scores were the lowest than control. The springiness and cohesiveness of texture showed no significant differences among all groups. Gumminess and chewiness of texture results were increased according to per-soaking concentration increase. Also the polyphenol, flavonoid and DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were significantly increased with increasing immersion concentration. The Dioscorea bulbifera slices supplemented with 6% pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution treatment showed the highest total sensory score. The results of our study indicated that when pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution is used to immerse the Dioscorea bulbifera slice, it has browning inhibition and antioxidant effect.