This study aimed to determine the usefulness of classifying patients with neck pain on the basis of the results of passive scapular elevation test. We classified 21 patients with neck pain into positive (n=12) and negative (n=9) groups on the basis of passive scapular elevation test; the 2 groups then equally performed scapular stabilization exercise program for 30 min, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were recorded both before and after the intervention for both groups. Paired t-test was used to determine that there were significant changes between before and after the intervention, and independent t-test was used for analyzing changes between two groups of dependent variables. After 4 weeks of training, we observed significant decrease in pain and disability (p<.05) and a significant increase in rotation, flexion, extension, and side-bending ROM (p<.05) in both groups. Further, between pre- and post-intervention evaluations, we observed a significant decrease in pain and disability and a significant increase in rotation and flexion ROM in the positive group than in the negative group (p<.05). These results indicate that passive scapular elevation test may be used to identify mechanical disorders of the cervicoscapular muscle in patients with neck pain. Therefore, we recommend the use of passive scapular elevation test to determine appropriate treatment intervention when treating patients with neck pain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in assessing Korean patients with low back pain. We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire and enrolled 52 patients (18 males and 34 females) with low back pain. The subjects completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire that included the FABQ assessment along with evaluations for the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Beck depression inventory-Korean version (K-BDI). The reliability of the obtained data was determined by evaluating the internal consistency on the basis of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Cronbach's alpha values, while the validity of the data was examined by correlating the FABQ scores to the VAS, ODI, SAS, and K-BDI scores. The translated versions of the FABQ showed good test-retest reliability: ICC (3, 1)=.90 (FABQ for physical activity) and .97 (FABQ for work) these values were statistically significant (p<.01). The Cronbach's alpha value for FABQ was .90 (p<.01). FABQ moderately correlated with pain, disability, anxiety, and depression (p<.01). The results of this study indicate that the Korean version of the FABQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear-avoidance beliefs in Korean patients with low back pain.

This study was carry out to investigate the quality comparison of ground Korean native black pork compared with modern genotype pork by different fat addition. The Korean native black pig and modern genotype pig were slaughtered at 75 kg and 105 kg of live weight, and for 240 days and 210 days of feeding periods, respectively. The ground lean pork (M. semimembranosus) mixed with ground fat (10, 20 and 30%, respectively) was stored for 9 days at 4℃. The crude fat increased as fat content increased. The pH of two porks increased significantly during storage. It was lower the Korean native black pork during storage than modern genotype pork. The WHC (water-holding capacity) of Korean native black pork was higher than modern genotype pork. The Korean native black pork maintained black reddish color because it had lower CIE L* value and higher CIE a* value than the modern genotype pork. CIE L, b*, C* and h values increased with increasing fat content in two samples but all CIE color values decreased during storage. TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), POV (peroxide value) and FOX (ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange) of ground pork during storage were increased as fat content increased. Lipid oxidation of Korean native black pork occurred more rapidly than modern genotype pig. The Korean native black pork tended to contain more saturated fatty acids compared with the modern genotype pork. Especially, stearic acid and total SFA (saturated fatty acid) content had significantly higher in Korean native black pork (p<0.05).

This is a study of a residential area for displaced villagers planned for residents of Gyodo Village who must evacuate their hometown because of flooding due to the Hantan River Dam Project. The study aims to construct a plan for a new residential area for the villagers focusing on reflecting the existing characteristics of their former village and on ensuring sustainability for the new village. Departing from previous practice of focusing on merely physical aspects when planning, the current study is significant in that it presents a new planning process and method for a sustainability-focused plan. While the study has many limitations such as objectivity in the process of deriving the sustainability indicators and the appropriateness of the indicator questions, it is hoped that future studies on sustainability will serve to make up for these limitations and problems.