This study was conducted to investigate an effects on ago󰠏chemical alternative materials such as the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan used for amount and qualities of fruits and to examine the pest protection efficiency for their uses in the apple and pear orchard farms. An apple yields in the orchard cultivated with using the ago󰠏chemical alternative materials without appling the fertilizer and pesticides were decreased at 56% relative to the conventional farming practice method. Also, it was indicated that there was difficult to produce the fruits with marketability because the small sizes of fruits were produced. For the quality of fruits, the brix of apple produced in the orchard cultivated with using the ago󰠏chemical alternative materials was similar, but Vitamin C content was greater than that of the conventional farming practice method. As a results of treating with the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan instead of applying pesticides, the fruit disease in the Chitosan treatment was a little decreased, but was great occurred in the other treatments compared with the conventional farming practice method. However, it observed that brix and Vitamin C content of apple produced in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, fermented plan juice and fish amino acid treatments and in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, charcoal power and peat moss treatments were greater than those of the conventional farming practice method, respectively. Over all, it considered that there was very difficult to manage the orchard depended on the ago󰠏chemical alternative materials without appling the chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the apple orchard, but it might be proper to use the ago󰠏chemical alternative materials as an auxiliary means to decrease the appling amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Furthermore, the general effects on the ago󰠏chemical alternative materials to the perennial fruits should be investigated with considering the changes of soil fertility, soil microbial status and natural enemy creatures after treating them for a long time.

The experiment described in this paper focused on determining the effects of high󰠏temperature(20℃) treatment of Satsuma mandarins, prior to their storage, on their color development and quality. High󰠏temperature treatment promoted fruit skin color during the storage, decreased the weight loss regardless of their color at the time of their harvest and reduced the decay occurrence until the middle of March, but there was no difference between treatments after the end of March. There was a tendency of higher soluble solid and acid levels in the fruit when high󰠏temperature treatment was applied but this difference was not significant.

Generally hull insurance is undertaken by mean of a contract of hull insurance. A contract of hul1 insurance here is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured against the loss and damage to the vessel mused by maritime perils. A contract of hull insurance is consists of printed main insurance clauses and a clause includes many sub-clauses. Now the Institute Time Clauses-Hulls (hereunder refer to as "English hull insurance clauses"made by the Institute of London Underwriters is much used as the standard from or basic from by many countries ail over the world Now Korean insurance companies hue not made our their own hull insurance clauses, they have just adopted the made-out English hull insurance clauses and the english law and practice to solve the problem related to marine insurance. On the other hand, the United States of America and Japan have made out their own hull insurance clauses based on English hull insurance clauses and used the clauses for many years. Now American is using American Institute Hull Clauses(hereunder refer to as "American hul1 insurance clauses"as its own clauses which was made out by American Institute of Marine Underwriters in 1977 and Japan is also wing its own clauses named Japanese Hull Standard Clauses(hereunder refer to as "Japanese hull clauses") which was made out by japanese Hull Insurance Association in 1990. Therefore the purpose of this study is not only to make a comparative study on English hull insurance clauses 1995, American hull insurance clauses 1977 and Japanese hull clauses l990, but also to supply on some legal materials necessary for Korea to establish and perform our own hull insurance clauses.

생활수준 향상과 식생활 변화로 인하여 생활용수 소비량이 증가함에 따라 일상생활에서 배출되는 오수의 양도 증가할 것으로 예측된다. 아파트 단지내 오수정화시설 및 하수처리장의 설계를 위해서는 먼저 인구에 근거한 오수량의 발생원단위를 알아야 한다. 이러한 자료는 하수처리의 운전이나 수질관리 계획 수립을 위해서도 꼭 필요한 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주택공사의 123개 관리소에 2년간의 급수량을 취합하여 거주인구에 따른 급수량을 분석하였고 그 중에 수도권

이 연구는 운동기술의 학습에 있어 결과지식 제시시기에 따른 학습효과를 알아보는데 그 목적이 있으며 2가지 실험(실험Ⅰ, 실험Ⅱ)으로 구성되었다. 실험Ⅰ은 결과지식의 제공시기가 전체 연습시행의 초기, 중기, 후기에 집중됨으로써 나타나는 기술 학습효과를 실험적으로 검증하기 위해 각 집단별로 8시행을 1분단으로 반복시행 측정하는 3×20(결과지식의 제시조건×분단) 요인 설계하에서 이루어졌다. 실험Ⅱ는 실험Ⅰ에 대한 결과를 지지하기 위해 결과지식의 제시방법에 있어 집단별로 각기 다른 점감절차(fading procedure)를 이용하였으며, 연습시행의 초반, 중반, 후반 중 한 부분에서 점진적으로 집중되는 절차와 전체시행중 골고루 결과지식을 부여하는 조건의 4가지 집단별로 10회 시행을 1분단으로 하여 반복측정에 의한 4×16(결과지식의 제시조건×분단)요인 설계하에서 이루어졌으며 각 실험이 끝난 1시간후에 전이실험이 실시되었다. 실험Ⅰ의 결과에서는 결과지식이 연습회기의 중간부분에서 제공되어지는 집단이 가장 큰 수행효과를 보였으며 전이효과는 40msec조건에서 유의성이 나타났으나 200msec조건에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 실험Ⅱ의 결과에서도 결과지식이 전체 연습회기의 중간부분에 점진적으로 집중되어지는 조건이 연습단계에서 가장 큰 수행효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼때 연습단계에서 결과지식의 제시시기는 유의한 학습변인은 아니며, 동작수행에 있어 가장 효율적인 결과지식의 제공시기는 전체 시행의 중간부분에서 제공되는 것이라고 할 수 있다.

Based on Bernstein` s (1967) theoretical tenets that skill consists in organizing movement elements (e. g. , body links) into a controllable unit with manageable degree of freedom through the application of appropriate equations of constraints, motor skill learning is theorized as the acquisition of efficient constraining of body segments involved in desired goal movements. To elucidate the spatial and temporal patterns of constraints, a golf swing movement by the skilled golfers and the novice players, respectively was filmed using high speed camera with 300fpt. Analyses were made of the spatial and temporal structures of changes in joint angles around shoulders, elbows, and wrists. Results indicated that marked differences existed between the skilled and the novice players in both spatial patterns and temporal relationships of angular changes. Specifically, the unskilled novice players were more frequent in angular changes in all related joints and were also bigger in amplitude of angular changes. Also noted in the unskilled was that the times of angular changes of body segments were generally late in the whole movement phase. These findings were interpreted to mean to support Bernsteinian tenets and to suggest that practice induces changes in constraints both spatially and temporally, so that skilled movements can be possible by efficiently redefining relationships among several body segments.

Skill used in the broadest context of physical education and sports was defined in various terms and its meanings were illustrated from several different theoretical perspectives, i.e., from physiological, psychological, biomechanical, and behavioral points of view. The viability of diversified theoretical approaches was discussed in terms of levels of analysis, parameters of analysis, and units of analysis. In view of current theoretical developments, two different kinds of currently prevailing approaches to the production and control of movement (and thus, skill) were contrasted and examplified in terms of explainability of movement phenomena. Theoretical as well as practical implications of motor control researches were discussed in relation to surrounding disciplines with suggestions of direction in future researches.