New functional surfactant, N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(2-methyl benzimidazoyl) ammonium chloride(DDBAC) having benzimidazole(BI) functional group have been synthesized and the critical micellar concentration of DDBAC measured by surface tentiometry and electric conductivity method was 8.9×10-4M. Micellar effects in DDBAC functional surfactant solution on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate(p-NPA), p-nitrophenylpropionate(p-NPP) and p-nitrophenylvalerate(p-NPV) were observed with change of various pH (Tris-buffer). The pseudo first rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV in optimum concentration of DDBAC solution increase to about 160, 280 and 600 times, respectively, as compared with those of aqueous solution at pH 8.00(Tris-buffer). It is considered that benzimidazole functional moiety accelerates the reaction rates of hydrolysis because they act as nucleophile or general base. In optimum concentration of DDBAC solution, the rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPP and p-NPV increase to about 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively, as compared with that of p-NPA. It means that the more the carbon numbers of alkyl group of substrates, the larger the binding constants between DDBAC micelle and substrates are. To know the hydrolysis mechanism of p-NPCE(p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV), the deuterium kinetic isotope effects were measured in D2O solutions. Consequently the pseudo first order rate constant ratios in H2O and D2O solution, kH2O/kD2O, were about 2.8～3.0 range. It means that the mechanism of hydrolysis were proceeded by nucleophile and general base attack in approximately same value.

인위적인 토양 pH 변화가 식물에 미치는 영향과 식물의 생화학적 방어반응을 조사하고자 황산용액을 첨가하여 산성화시킨 토양(pH 5.3, 4.5, 3.9, 3.5)에 만수국을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 토양 산성화에 의해 MDA 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 토양의 H+ 부하량 증가에 따라 산화형인 DHA 및 GSSG의 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 항산화 효소의 활성도 토양의 H+ 부하량의 증가에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

The phase transfer catalysis(PTC) reagent, ethyl tri-octyl ammonium bromide(ETABr), strongly catalyzes the reaction of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphinate(p-NPDPIN) with benzimidazole(BI) and its anion(BI⊖). In ETABr solutions, the dephosphorylation reactions exhibit higher first order kinetics with respect to the nucleophile, BI, and ETABr, suggesting that reactions are occuring in small aggregates of the three species including the substrate(p-NPDPIN), whereas the reaction of p-NPDPIN with OH⊖ is not catalyzed by ETABr. This behavior for the drastic rate-enhancement of the dephosphorylation is referred as 'aggregation complex model' for reaction of hydrophobic organic phosphinates with benzimidazole(BI) in hydrophobic quarternary ammonium salt(ETABr) solutions.

The clarification of spatial-temporal patterns of phytoplankton from southern coastal waters during the period of March to November in 2004 was carried out. Total cell numbers were shown in 5,286 cells ml−1 on March and reached to encounter a peak of 27,775 cells ml−1 on July. Mean cell number was also shown in maximum of 1,587 cells ml−1 on July, which recorded approximately two times higher than on June. The cell number of phytoplankton from southmiddle waters attained an abundance of ≥35 regardless of months, which was the highest the abundance of phytoplankton in 2004 than any other waters in this study. Southwestern waters were lower the cell number of 2-5 times than those of southmiddle and southeastern waters. In particular, Prorocentrum occurred in southeastern waters on June and the highest cell number of 8,200 cells ml−1 around Tongyeong region on July, which was recorded to occupy the value of 60.9% in southeast waters. The abundance of Skeletonema costatum as a dominant taxa in southwest was shown in ≥60 on March, July, September, and October, whereas was also recorded to achieve the abundance of above 80% in southmiddle waters on March, July, and September. The majority of the taxa in southeastern waters was diatom: Eucampia zoodiacus, and Chaetoceros spp.. They occupied above 45%. On November, most of southern waters were abundant to Chaetoceros spp. On the basis of cluster analysis using SPSS ver 10.0, phytoplankton occurring on March showed somewhat no correlation with all of southern waters. In contrast to on March, the relationship between southwestern and southmiddle waters was shown on August and November, indicating a distinction from southeastern waters. However, the distance between southwestern/middle and southeastern waters appeared to be less than 5. Consequently, the abundance of phytoplankton in southern waters showed much fluctuations in temporal and spatial assays. In particular, southwestern and southmiddle waters during the periods of summer and winter appeared to be a similar to environmental characteristics.

In the aqueous solutions the dephosphorylations of isopropyl phenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate(IPNPIN) mediated by hydroxide(OH⊖) and o-iodosobenzoate(IB⊖) ions are relatively slow, because of hydrophobicity of the substrate, and however it appears that OH⊖ is inherently better nucleophile than IB⊖, which is more soft ion. On the other hand, in cetyltrimetylammonium bromide(CTABr) solutions which contain cationic micelles, the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or IB⊖ are very accelerated to 120 or 100,000 times as compared with those in the aqueous solutions. The values of pseudo first order rate constants reach a maximum with increasing. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalysed bimolecular reactions and the rise in rate constant followed by a gradual decrese is characteristic of reactions of hydrophobic substrates. In the cationic micellar solutions of CTABr, IB⊖ accelerates the reactions much more than that OH⊖ does. The reason seems that IB⊖ which is more hydrophobic and soft ion than OH⊖ is more easily moved into the Stern layer of the CTABr micelles than OH⊖. In the anionic micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN are slower than those in aqeous solutions. It means that OH⊖ or IB⊖ cannot easily move and approach to the Stern layer of the micelle in which almost all the hydrophobic substrate are located and which has a negative circumstance.

Adsorption characteristics of benzene by zeolite were investigated using irradiating microwave. Experimental apparatus was applied to a U-type fix-bed column equipped with microwave system. Zeolite, itself, seems to be inappropriated to remove benzene because of a hygroscopic property. Microwave irradiation to zeolite, however, brings about decreasing H2O adsorption and increasing benzene adsorption. This causes that the dipole material such as H2O was vibrated and heated by irradiation of microwave and desorbed from zeolite. And then, benzene starts to be absorbed by zeolite. In this study, the results showed that the selective adsorption of benzene was occurred by the microwave irradiation and the adsorption capacity of benzene was increased by increasing microwave energy. As a results, it was found that the zeolite could be used to adsorb benzene with microwave and this method make it feasible simultaneously to adsorb and desorb benzene.

This study deals with micellar effects on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4- nitrophenylphosphate (DPNPPH), diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate (DPNPIN) and isopropylphenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate (IPNPIN) mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) in aqueous and CTAX solutions. Dephosphorylation of DPNPPH, DPNPIN and IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) is relatively slow in aqueous solution. The reactions in CTAX micellar solutions are, however, much accelerated because CTAX micelles can accommodate both reactants in their Stern layer in which they can easily react, while hydrophilic OH⊖ (or IB⊖) and hydrophobic substrates are not mixed in water. Even though the concentrations (>10-3 M) of OH⊖ (or IB⊖) in CTAX solutions are much larger amounts than those (6×10-6 M) of substrates, the rate constants of the dephosphorylations are largely influenced by the change of concentration of the ions, which means that the reactions are not followed by the pseudo first order kinetics. In comparison to effect of the counter ions of CTAX in the reactions, CTACl is more effective on the dephosphorylation of substrates than CTABr due to easier expelling of Cl⊖ ion by OH⊖ (or IB⊖) ion from the micelle, because of easier solvation of Cl⊖ ion by water molecules. The reactivity of IPNPIN with OH⊖ (or IB⊖) is lower than that of DPNPIN. The reason seems that the 'bulky' isopropyl group of IPNPIN hinders the attack of the nucleophiles.

The aim of this study is, firstly, to find out what kinds of inorganic species are produced in the photocatalytic oxidation of ammonium-nitrogen containing water and, secondly, to seek the influence of anion for the photocatalytic oxidation of ammonium contained compounds. The photoenergy above 3 eV(λ＜415 nm) was effectively absorbed by TiO2 and TiO2/polymer was used to be oxidized NH4-N in wastewater to NO3-N. Existing the anion as Cl-, the rate of photocatalytic oxidation decreased regardless of other condition. This result showed that the chloride ions reduced the rate of oxidation by scavenging oxidizing radical species as OH- and OCl-. Some of the added ion might have blocked the active sites of the catalyst surface, thus deactivated the catalyst.

To utilize coastal aquaculture ground bottom sediment in which concentrations of harmful pollutants are low and organic content is high as an organic fertilizer alkaline stabilizers such as CaO, Oyster shell, Mg(OH)2 were added to the bottom sediment organic additives of livestock or food wastes. Nutritive qualities of crude fertilizers were measured to examine effects of alkaline stabilizers and organic waste additions. The Mg(OH)2-added crude fertilizer had significantly lower total carbon(T-C) and nitrogen(T-N) content, reflecting the dilution effect due to great amount of Mg(OH)2 addition. However, the addition of oyster shell had no significant effect on the T-C and T-N content of the fertilizer. P2O5 and K2O content was considerably higher in the mixed sample of aquaculture ground bottom sediments and livestock wastes than in the mixture of the sediments and food wastes, resulting from higher P2O5 and K2O content in livestock wastes. Addition of Mg(OH)2 increased the content of MgO in the crude fertilizer but significantly reduced the content of other nutritive elements such as P2O5, K2O and CaO. Addition of oyster shell as an alkaline stabilizer seemed to have the advantage of saving time and expenses for dryness due to its role as a modulator of water content. Moreover, additions of effect Mg(OH)2 decreased the concentrations of heavy metals in the fertilizer by the dilution while additions of oyster shell had no influence on heavy metal concentrations in the fertilizer.

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes with a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fertilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm(scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime-stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12days for the wastes from J farm(94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade K2O and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade P2O5. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more than 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.

In an attempt to evaluate the possibility of producing an organic fertilizer using sediments from coastal farming areas, the chemical composition, bacteriological quality and heavy metals in the sediments alkalized by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide were analyzed. The optimum reaction was obtained from the following conditions : a 1:4 mixture of dry sediment to food wastes and the addition of 30% quicklime to the mixture. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had a low or intermediate grade in T-N and K2O content, a low grade in P2O5 and a high grade in CaO and MgO content. Stabilization by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide is likely to inhibit the bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. Raising the pH of stabilized sediments to 12 for 2 hours(PSRP criteria of EPA) allowed 99.99% of the coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count to be reduced. The results suggested that the crude fertilizer produced by alkaline stabilization method was innoxious and thereby the sediments from coastal farming areas could be used as organic fertilizer.

In the present paper, batch and semi-continuous settling characteristics of a binary calcium carbonatewater system were investigated. Using experimental data of batch settling characteristics, a graphical analysis for a semi-continuous thickening column was developed and compared with experimental results on the basis of Kynch theory, only where the feed velocity line was within the limits of Kynch theorem Ⅲ. The analysis showed good agreement with experiments. Quite erroneous results, however, was observed for the analysis of a sludge region on the underloaded operation, which was considered due to the deviation from the limits of theory.

The interfacial characteristics between various heavy metals and hydrous FeS were investigated. Heavy metals which have lower sulfide solubilities than FeS undergoes the lattice exchange reaction when these metal ions contact FeS in the aqueous phase. For heavy metals which have higher sulfide solubilities than FeS, these metal ions adsorb on the surface of FeS. Such characteristic reactions were interpreted by the solid solution formation theory. The presence of ligand such as EDTA reduced largely metal removal efficiency due to formation of metal-ligand complex in the solution. In an attempt to elucidate the interfacial characteristics, zeta potential of the hydrous FeS in the absence and in the presence of various metal ions were measured and analyzed.