Temperature depth profiles measured in permafrost and western Utah generally represent anomalous curvatures. The accurate climate change can not be resolved with existing geothermal data, but general magnitude and timing explain the model of global warming. Differences between borehole temperatures observed in different intervals may concur with modeled temperature differences computed from the nearest air temperatures. This agreement indicates that boreholes are recording climate change.

Punch Bowl basin is analysed for the earth science and terrain factors such as geology, geophysical features, topography and water systems. The study area is composed of two kinds of rocks : Jurrasic granite in the central part and Precambrian metamorphic complex in the marginal part of she basin. The depth of the base rock is about 20 to 40 meters below the surface at the center of the basin. The process which has formed the basin may be the differential weathering of the rocks. The morphology of the slope of the basin is concave and the slope is about 20° above the nickpoint and about 5° below it. The water system of the region is very poor in drainage pattern.

An on-line refractrometer made of easily obtainable materials is built to determine the salinity and temperature of sea water, and its performance is examined by applying the refractometer to known salt solution. Since refractive index and temperature are measured simultaneously, it is possible to compensate the effect of temperature for accurate measurement. The outcome of salinity measurement for the different concentrations of salt solution indicates that the device is suitable for the salinity measurement by yielding stable and reproducible reading.