Although ethylformate and phosphine fumigants are widely used for pest quarantine, studies related to their mechanism of action and metabolic physiological changes in Drosophila models are still unclear. In this study, we investigated how key metabolites altered by fumigants and cold treatment are associated with and affect insect physiology by comparative metabolome analysis. Fumigant treatment significantly altered cytochrome P450 and glutathione metabolites involved in the detoxification mechanism and showed lower expression of PGF2α involved in the immune response compared to the control. Additionally, most of the metabolites functioned in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors.

국내 분포조사가 되어 있지 않은 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레와 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레를 대상으로 3년간(2015~2017년) 281지점의 관엽식물과 666지점의 과수를 조사하였다. 관엽식물의 경우 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 34지점에서 발견되었고, 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 87지점에서 발견되었으나 과수에서는 두 종 모두 발견되지 않았다. 분포조사를 통해 채집한 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레와 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 실내사육하며 온도별 발육특성을 조사하였다. 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레 암컷 약충은 14℃에서 정상적인 발육을 하지 못하였으며, 16℃에서는 361.4일로 발육 기간이 가장 길었으며 32℃에서는 39.0일로 가장 짧았다. 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레 암컷 성충수명은 28℃에서 71.7일로 가장 짧았으며, 산자수의 경우 32℃에서 177.7마리로 가장 많았다. 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레 암컷 약충은 12℃에서 정상적인 발육을 하지 못하였으며 14℃에서 184.9일로 발육기간이 가장 길었으며, 28℃에서는 21.5일로 가장 짧았다. 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레 암컷 성충수명은 28℃에서 51.5일로 가장 짧았으며, 산자수의 경우 28℃에서 143.8마리로 가장 많았다. 세대순증가율(R0)과 내적자연증가율(rm)은 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 각각 32℃에서 162.3, 0.127이며, 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 각각 28℃에서 98.3, 0.139로 가장 크게 나타났다. 따라서, 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레와 붉은몸긴꼬리가루깍지벌레의 최적 온도는 각각 32℃와 28℃로 판단되며 국내에서의 월동은 불가능한 것으로 보인다.

Density of malaria vector mosquitoes, Anopheles mosquitoes, and infection of Plamodium vivax from the vector mosquitoes were monitored at 9 surveillance points in Incheonsi, 12 in Gyeonggi province and 7 in Gangwon province in the Republic of Korea (ROK) from April to October of 2010. The seasonal numbers of Anopheles mosquitoes collected weekly showed a high degree of variability. A total of 4,435 mosquitoes were captured using black light traps. Members of the Anopheles mosquito group were the most abundant species and accounted for 71.8% of the mosquitoes collected. The majority of this species were collected from Incheonsi (86.2%), particularly from Ganghwagun (84.8%). During June, populations of this species steadily increased and peak at second week of July. Thereafter, populations of this species decreased by the second week of August and increased by the third week of August, again. Anopheles mosquitoes steadily decreased from the fourth week of August. First Anopheles mosquitoes were reported in Wolgotri (15th weeks/year), Ganghwagun, Incheonsi, followed by Tanhyundong (16th weeks/year), Pajusi, Gyeonggi Province and Daemari (17th weeks/year), Cheolwongun, Gangwon Province. In Ganghwagun in which the most abundant malaria patients (102 patients) were reported, Anopheles mosquitoes demonstrated the highest species portion (over 70%) among collected mosquito species from July to September. Infection rate of P. vivax from the Anopheles mosquitoes also was the highest in Ganghwagun. In Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, collection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes and infection rate of P. vivax were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. Reported malaria patient cases in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces also were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. However, detailed results showed that there were some sites in which any correlation between malaria patients and vector mosquitoes were not. This may be resulted from size of surveillance area. Smaller size of surveillance area was, higher accuracy of analysis on correlation between vector mosquitoes and patients was. Further studies on relationship between malaria vector and patients may need for more accurate analysis, such as increase of collection site and so on.