A study was investigated the effects of the probiotic mixture (PM) contained Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) SY-99 2.4×109 CFU/kg and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) SJ-61 2.2×109 CFU/kg on growth performance and fecal microflora counts of broiler chickens. Referred to the previous studies, a total of 160 one-day-old male broiler chicken (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, which were a basal diet alone (control) and supplemented with PM 0.1 g/kg feed (T1), PM 0.2 g/kg feed (T2), and PM 0.4 g/kg feed (T3). After 28 days of administration, the average daily feed intake of T1 and T3 was significantly different compared to that of control (p<0.05). In addition, the feed conversion ratio of T2 and T3 was significantly improved compared to that of control (p<0.05). On the 28th day after administration, all treatment groups were significantly increased fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts and decreased fecal Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts compared to T1 (p<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the combination of L. plantarum and B. subtilis strains in the range of 0.2-0.4 g/kg feed could be used for the improvement of growth performance and fecal microflora in broiler chickens.

Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus spp. have caused a considerable disease of farmed fish and economic loss in fish farming and seafood industry. In this study, the efficacy of an aquatic disinfectant tablet composed to calcium hypochlorite was evaluated against V. anguillarum and S. iniae. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4oC. An aquatic disinfectant tablet and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. V. anguillarum on the DW, HW and OM condition was completely inactivated with 16,000 15,000 and 13,000 fold dilutions of the disinfectant, respectively. On the DW, HW and OM condition, S. iniae was absolutely inactivated with 17,000 16,000 and 14,000 fold dilutions of the disinfectant, respectively. As an aquatic disinfectant tablet possesses bactericidal efficacy against fish pathogenic bacteria such as V. anguillarum and S. iniae this disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of fish infective bacterial diseases.

In this study, the veridical efficacy of an aquatic disinfectant tablet composed to calcium hypochlorite against red sea bream iridovirus (RBIV). A veridical efficacy was determined with the viability of RBIV contacted with the disinfectant in viral stock cultured in fat head minnow cell line. An aquatic disinfectant tablet and RBIV were reacted on the distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) condition. On DW and HW condition, RBIV was inactivated with 25,000 fold dilutions of an aquatic disinfectant tablet. With the investigation of the antiviral effect of the disinfectant on OM condition, RBIV was inactivated on 22,000 fold dilutions of an aquatic disinfectant tablet. As an aquatic disinfectant tablet possesses veridical efficacy against RBIV, the disinfectant solution can be used to limit the spread of cultured marine fish viral disease.

Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. have caused a considerable disease of farmed animals and economic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of Vital-Oxidel®, a commercial disinfectant, composed to chlorine dioxide, betaine hydrochloride, and propylene glycol was evaluated against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4oC. Vital-Oixdel® and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of Vital-Oixdel® against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis was lowered compared to that on HW condition. As Vital-Oxidel® possesses bactericidal efficacy against animal pathogenic bacteria such as S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis, this disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

This study was carried out to examine the safety of Coccimuel-S, an anticoccidiol, using male and female ICR mice. Mice were orally administered Coccimuel-S at dose levels of 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 / body weight for singledose toxicity test. There were no significant differences in change of body weight between control and all groups treated with Coccimuel-S. Also, general toxic symptoms, clinical signs and mortality were not observed. In the hematological analysis, none of the parameters were affected by Coccimuel-S. This suggests that there are no negative effects on homeostasis and immunity. In blood biochemistry analysis, none of the markers were affected by administration of Coccimuel-S. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver, kidney, skeletal and heart muscle functions in all treated-groups. No remarkable lesions were detected in these organs with macroscopic examination. Since there were no adverse effects of Coccimuel-S in single oral toxicity tests, even at higher doses than normal, it was concluded that Coccimuel-S could be candidates as a safe anticoccidials for the treatment of poultry coccidiosis.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is already panzootic in poultry and caused a considerable economic loss in poultry industry. In addition, HPAIV continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of Citra-Kill® composed to quaternary ammonium chloride and citric acid was investigated against avian influenza H9N2 virus (AIV). A virucidal efficacy was determined with the viability of AIV contacted with the disinfectant in the allantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Citra-Kill® and AIV was reacted on the distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) condition. On DW condition, AIV was inactivated with 2,000 fold dilutions of Citra-Kill®. When the antiviral effect on HW condition was evaluated, the antiviral activity of the disinfectant showed on 1,500 fold dilutions against AIV. With the investigation of the antiviral effect of the disinfectant on OM condition, AIV was inactivated on 500 fold dilutions of Citra-Kill®. As Citra-Kill® possesses virucidal efficacy against AIV, the disinfectant solution can be used to limit the spread of animal viral diseases.

This study was conducted in order to examine the safety of bee venom as an alternative for antibiotics using male ICR mice. Five-week-old male mice received a single intravenous injection of a dried honey bee venom at the concentration of 0.25 mg/kg (a clinical dose) or 0.5 mg/kg through the tail vein and various pathophysiological analyses were performed after three days. No significant differences in changes of body weight were observed between the saline-treated control group and the experimental groups. In the hematological analysis, none of the parameters were affected by bee venom. In blood biochemistry analysis, none of the markers were affected by administration of bee venom. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle functions in all treated- groups. On macroscopic examination, no remarkable lesions were detected in these organs. Because there were no adverse effects of the bee venom in a single intravenous toxicity test for three days, it was concluded that bee venom could be a candidate for a safe natural antibiotic for use in the animal production industry.