파기스탄은 중국과 공식 외교관계를 맺은 첫번째 이슬람 국가이다, 양국의 전통적 우호관계 및 “전천후 전략적 협력 동반자관계”는 중-파 경제회랑에 외교적으로 기여해 왔고, 지역 협력에도 기여해 왔다. 하지만, 근래 파기스탄의 포퓰리즘은 양국의 경제무역협력 및 인문교류의 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 본 논문은 우선 질적으로 국내외 학술계가 포퓰리즘에 관한 문헌을 정리하였다, 그리고 양적으로 BDP 데이터분석 소프트웨어를 통해 국내외 학계의 포퓰리즘 관련 문헌을 시각화분석(Visualization)하였다. 또한 시각화가 파기스탄 포퓰리즘에, 또는 중-파 경제회랑에 주는 시사점도 도출하였다. 아직 국내외 학술계가 파기스탄의 포퓰리즘에 크게 주목하지 않고, 포퓰리즘의 정도도 그리 심각하지는 않다. 그러나 파기스탄의 포퓰리즘은 민족성 및 나라의 특수성 때문에 주기적인 발전과정을 거치고 있기 때문에, 중국-파키스탄 경제회랑 등이 지속적으로 심화하는 상황에서는, 향후 파기스탄의 포퓰리즘이 심각해질 수도 있다.

한국과 중앙아시아 국가들 간의 외교 관계는 1992년에 성공적으로 수립되었는데, 이것은 이미 지금까지 27 년 동안 발전해 왔다. 계속되는 양국 관계의 심화와 함께 한국과 중앙아시아 국가들 간의 경제 및 무역 관계가 강화되었고, 양국간 교류 빈도도 현저히 증가했다. 아시아에서 네 번째로 큰 경제 대국인 한국은 중앙아시아에서의 경제 및 외교 전략에서 더 큰 잠재력을 보이고 있다. 특히 한국은 2013년 '유라시아 이니셔티브'와 2017년 '신북정책'을 제안해 중앙아시아 국가들이 중요한 파트너로 평가받았고, 보다 적극적인 경제협력 전략이 추진될 것으로 보인다. 따라서 향후 한국과 중앙아시아 국가 간 경제협력이 뚜렷하게 발전할 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다.

The early diagnosis of bovine pregnancy is an essential component of successful reproductive planning on farms, because lack of bovine pregnancy over the long term results in reproductive failure and low milk yield‐the latter of which is a special concern on dairy farms. This study was designed to identify early pregnancy‐specific whey proteins in bovine, by comparing milk samples collected from cattle during pregnancy (Days 30 and 50) and from non‐pregnant cattle. In this study, differentially expressed proteins in five pregnant and five non‐pregnant Holstein dairy cattle were investigated and compared, using proteomics analysis. The first dimension was applied to a pH 3.0～10.0 strip, by loading a 2‐mg milk protein sample. After the second‐dimension separation was performed, the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue. The stained gels were scanned and the images were analyzed, to detect variations in protein spots between non‐pregnant and pregnant cattle milk protein spots, using ImageMaster; this was followed by analysis with MALDI TOF‐MS. Analysis of the 2‐DE gel image resulted in a total of approximately 500～600 protein spots, of which 12 spots were differentially expressed, six spots were up‐regulated, and four spots were downregulated; two spots were identified as pregnancy‐specific proteins. These proteins were identified as lactoferrin, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, albumin, serum albumin precursor and transferrin. Our results via 2‐D PAGE analysis revealed composite profiles of several milk proteins related to early bovine pregnancy, implying the possible use of these milk proteins in the early detection of bovine pregnancy.

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a valuable tool for studying the interactions between an oocyte and somatic nucleus. The object of this study was to investigate the developmental competence of in vitro‐matured porcine oocytes after transfer of the somatic cell nuclei of 2 different species (goat and rabbit). Porcine cumulus oocytes were obtained from the follicles of ovaries and matured in TCM‐199. The reconstructed embryos were electrically fused with 2 DC pulses of 1.1 kV/cm for 30 μs in 0.3 M mannitol medium. The activated cloned embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium‐3 (PZM‐3), mSOF or RDH medium for 7 days. The blastocyst formation rate of the embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts was significantly lower than that of the embryos reconstructed from porcine fetal fibroblast cells. However, a significantly higher number of embryos reconstructed from goat or rabbit fetal fibroblasts cultured in mSOF or RDH, respectively, developed to the morular stage than those cultured in PZM‐3. These results suggest that goat and bovine fetal fibroblasts were less efficacious than porcine‐porcine cloned embryos and that culture condition could be an important factor in iSCNT. The lower developmental potential of goat‐porcine and porcine‐bovine cloned embryos may be due to incompatibility between the porcine oocyte cytoplasm and goat and bovine somatic nuclei.

Insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) complex is reported to improve in vitro development of oocytes and embryos. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of ITS during in vitro culture (IVC) of porcine parthenogenetic and nuclear transfer (NT) embryos on subsequent developmental capacity in vitro. The electrically activated oocytes were cultured in Porcine Zygote Medium (PZM-3) with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of ITS for 7 days. Also, the electrically activated reconstructed embryos were cultured in PZM-3 with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of ITS for 6 days. Addition of ITS to culture medium did not affect development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos in vitro. To test the effect of ITS on the in vitro development of porcine NT embryos, factorial experiments were also performed for in vitro maturation (IVM) medium (TCM-199) with or without 1% ITS and culture medium (PZM-3) with or without 0.5% ITS. Addition of 0.5% ITS to culture medium increased (p<0.05) the proportion of NT blastocysts compared with non-treated group. In contrast, addition of 1% ITS to culture medium was ineffective or had a detrimental effect. Also, addition of ITS only to maturation medium increased (p<0.05) the percentage of NT blastocysts formation compared with the control group. In conclusion, addition of ITS to IVM or IVC medium could improve subsequent blastocyst development of porcine NT embryos.