This study was performed to investigate how changing the period of light and dark influences the vegetative growth and the photosynthesis of Doritaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’. Clones of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ at 4-month-old stage were grown in a closed-plant factory system with four different light/dark cycles; 06/06 h, 08/08 h, 10/10 h, and 12/12 h. Temperature and relative humidity were set at 28oC and 80%, respectively, with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 160 ± 10 μmol·m-2·s-1. Repetitive measurements showed that the leaf length and the leaf width were the longest under 12/12 h closely followed by 10/10 h. The fresh weight and the dry weight of leaves and roots were the heaviest at 10/10 h treated samples. Different CO2 uptake patterns were observed from different light/dark cycles. Under 10/10 h and 12/12 h treatments, the CO2 uptake started at early dark period. When the light/dark cycles were shortened to 06/06 h and 08/08 h, the CO2 uptake started at the middle of dark period. Total CO2 uptake amounts were the highest under 12/12 h treatment followed by 10/10 h, 06/06 h, and 08/08 h treatments. Quantitative measurements showed that the vegetative growths under 10/10 h treatment were comparable with that of 12/12 h treatment. These studies indicated that manipulating light/dark can modify the photosynthesis patterns and vegetative growth of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’, resulting in the reduction of the production period.

Mushrooms have been widely cultivated and consumed as foods and herbal medicines owing to their various biological properties. However, few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of mushrooms. Here, we investigated the effects of mushroom extracts (MEs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). First, we extracted MEs with either water or ethanol. Using LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, we measured cell proliferation and NO production. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β was assessed by RT-PCR, and protein abundance of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and phosphorylation of p65 were determined by immunoblotting. MEs prepared using both water and ethanol inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by LPS were reduced by treatment with MEs. Isaria japonica Yasuda water extracts and Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Minks ethanol extracts significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokine genes including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Similarly, the protein abundance of iNOS and COX-2 was also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of nuclear factor-κB was at least partly suppressed by MEs. This study suggests that mushrooms could be included in the diet to prevent and treat macrophage-related chronic immune diseases.

Background : Cynanchum wilfordi is a typical myocardial medicinal crop. Because it penetrates more than 1m, it requires a lot of labor and harvesting costs. In addition, we needed 4 - 5 times of weeding until July, and in the soil with poor drainage, root rot disease occurs and yield is greatly reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop new cultivation technology that can minimize the effort cost and increase the yield. Methods and Results : As a test material, container standards were used plume tube of diameter 30 ㎝ × height 50 ㎝, 80 ㎝, 100 ㎝. The culture soil manufactured by mixing cokofit 60%, peatmoss 10%, pearlite 6%, vermiculite 10%, zeolite 5%, and charcoal 5%. The compost was made by mixing fowl droppings 45% and cattle manure 5%. The mixing ratio of the culture soil and the compost was 100 : 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, respectively, and the mixture was filled in the container. Cynanchum wilfordi seedling sow raising seedlings during one month seeds become dormancy breaking. Culture soil and container of Cynanchum wilfordi was effective 87% increase (384 ㎏/10 a → 720) in quantity contrast conventional culture in height 50 ㎝ container + culture soil 100 : 0. 80 and 100 ㎝ containers were found to be unsuitable for production throughout the year because of thin thickness of subterranean part and low commercial yield due to the long time required for roots to reach the hardpan layer. The yields of compost mixture decreased from 0% (720 ㎏/10 a) > 10% (642) > 20% (560) > 30% (475) in 50 ㎝ containers. When the compost content was more than 20%, the yield decreased due to physiological damage during the early growth. Conclusion : The culture soil and container cultivate for harvesting ease of Cynanchum wilfordi was effective saving more than 15 times more than the harvest time contrast manpower harvest and the yield was increased by 87%. Also, container cultivation was effective the cost cutting of installation dismantlement and redres since no need to move the cultivation area.

Background : Schisandra chinensis is being weighted difficulties in stable production, there is increasing drought damage caused by climate change as shallow rooted crops. Therefore, the study was performed for water supply capacity and growth characteristics analysis by setting the irrigation method for the drought damage reduction. Methods and Results : Test material was used sophomore V-shaped planting Schisandra chinensis. Irrigation method were surface watering, underground watering, sprinkler and untreated. Underground irrigation was irrigation that buried hose and then dug up the 15㎝. Soil moisture tension was the irrigation after fixed at -30 ㎪(23%). Irrigation timing was performed in June-July that high drought damage and made the most fruit enlargement. The main investigating items were investigated fruit growth, normal fault rate, soil moisture and EC content according to the irrigation method. Normal fruit rate according to irrigation method were appeared in sprinkler(81, 74 %)>underground irrigation(76, 69 %)>surface irrigation(76, 67%)>untreated(66, 52 %). Cluster length of yield component was determined to effective irrigation method in fruit growth the highest in sprinkler. Soil moisture contents was maintained at appropriate level with significant -30㎪(23 %) in the sprinkler. EC content low with a downward trend in underground irrigation and sprinkler. Water supply capacity according to Irrigation Method were sprinkler 40 tons, underground irrigation 85 tons, surface irrigation 138 tons. Conclusion : Appropriate watering methods for drought damage reduction of Schisandra chinensis caused by climate change was determined in the most efficient irrigation method in sprinkler that high fruit growth and normal fruit rate, lower the required of water supply capacity.

Background : Aralia cordata and Polygonum multiflorum GAP cultivation requires a stable drying and storage settings after harvesting. therefore, this experiment was performed in order to effectively manage the physical, chemical and biological hazards. Methods and Results : Test materials were used biennial Aralia cordata, Polygonum multiflorum harvested from the medicinal testing ground. The drying temperatures were treated with 40, 50, 6 0℃ and natural drying. Storage containers were stored in plastic boxes, styrofoam boxes and kraft paper containers, examined the color and quality changes for eight months. Aralia cordata and Polygonum multiflorum drying temperature is dry it took natural drying 720 hours, 40℃ hot air drying 180 hours, 50℃ hot air drying 168 hours and 60℃ hot air drying 108 hours. However, the difference chromaticity of the Lab value corresponding to the temperature does not appear, it was good to dry in a short time at 60℃. Aralia cordata and Polygonum multiflorum stored in a styrofoam box storage method but can be stored at room temperature for up to four months, began to decay caused by moisture content it continues to increase. In plastic box in case of Aralia cordata and kraft vessel in case of Polygonum multiflorum can be stored for eight months in room temperature without decay. Styrofoam boxes stored at 5℃ cold storage were higher water absorption such as room temperature, but decay did not occur. Plastic box and styrofoam box were a tendency such as room temperature. Conclusion : Aralia cordata and Polygonum multiflorum are thought that the color change is not large depending on the drying temperature the lower the water content. Styrofoam storage box, the air permeability is higher than plastic boxes and containers Kraft vessel, decay occurs expected increase.