The nesting behavior, reproduction, fruit set and shape of O. cornifrons varied significantly with the released sex ratio of O. cornifrons. A female : male sex ratio of 1 : 2 was resulted in a 3.4 to 6.7 fold higher than other sex ratio in a nesting behavior. A ratio of 1 : 2 resulted in a 1.2-fold nesting rate, which was slightly higher than other nesting rates. Releasing only males resulted in a 2.4-fold greater amount of fruit set in non-pollinated sites. A sex ratio of 1 : 2 gave a slightly higher shape index and a 1.2 to 1.6-fold lower asymmetric index than other sex ratios. There was no significant difference between female release numbers in fruit set, and 100 to 200 females gave a slightly higher shape index than 400 females. Thus, we determined that 200 females should be released per 2,000㎡ and that the sex ratio of females to males should be 1 : 2.

We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.

합작투자기업은 지식이전의 매개체로서의 역할 뿐만 아니라 지식을 모기업으로 전달하는 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구는 인류학에서 사용하는 질적 연구 방법론을 채택하여 관련 문서, 인터뷰 등을 바탕으로 작성되었다. 따라서 파트너 기업 간, 합작투자 기업과 파트너 기업 간 상호작용에 대하여 깊이 있게 이해함으로써 인과 관계 및 과정의 본질을 밝히고자 하였다. 총 세 가지 종류의 지식이전 과정으로 구분하였고, 각 지식이전 과정을 보여줄 수 있는 사례를 선택하여 지식 이전 과정을 분석하였다. 첫째, 파트너 기업 간 수평적으로 지식이전이 일어나는 과정을 살펴보았다. 파트너 기업간 수평적 지식이전 과정은 지식이전을 목적으로 합작투자가 체결되었을 때 일어나는 경우가 대부분이며, 합작투자 기업은 지식이전 과정의 매개체로서 모기업들에게 지식을 전달해주는 역할을 수행한다. 둘째, 파트너 기업과 합작투자 기업 간 수직적 지식이전 과정은 선진 기술을 가지고 있는 기업이 해외시장으로의 진출을 위해 시도하는 경우 발생할 가능성이 높다. 셋째, 합작투자기업이 모기업으로 발전된 지식을 전달하게 되는 지식이전 과정이 발생할 수 있다. 합작투자기업이 장기간 동안 성공적으로 운영 될 경우 지식이전 과정의 주체가 되어 발전되고 개선된 지식을 모기업에게로 전달해주는 역할을 하게 된다. 삼성코닝정밀소재, 금호미쓰이화학, 홈플러스의 사례에서 이와 같은 지식이전 과정을 살펴 볼 수 있었다. 마지막으로 합작투자를 시도하는 파트너 기업의 동기가 지식 이전이 아니라 할지라도 장기간 합작투자가 이루어질 때 지식이전의 과정을 살펴볼 수 있다.

Deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybees (Apis mellifera) is closely associated with characteristic wing deformities, abdominal bloating, paralysis, and rapid mortality of emerging adult bees. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of DWV-infected bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). For the present study, the detection of DWV virus from the adult bumble bee, death adult bumble bee, mail bumble bee, pupa and larva to the infection cycle was investigated in the same colony. Using specific RT-PCR protocols for the detection of DWV followed by sequencing of the PCR products we could demonstrate that the bumble bees were indeed infected with DWV. The virus was detected from diseased insects, and its partial DWV gene was cloned and sequenced. The partial DWV gene encoding the polyprotein is 711-nt of 235 amino acid residues. The deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV showed 96.9%, 96.2%, 96.8%, and 96.5% homology to other structure polyprotein partial gene of DWV, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis further conformed that the deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV divided to the outside tree. We describe the first time that presence of Deformed wing virus(DWV) from bumble bee(Bombus terrestris) in korea using RT-PCR.

We report for the first time the occurrence of DWV-infected bumble bees (Bombus ignitus). For the present study, the detection of DWV virus from the female and male bumble bee was investigated in the same colony. The Deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybee (Apis mellifera) is closely associated with characteristic wing deformities, abdominal bloating, paralysis, and rapid mortality of emerging adult bees. Using specific RT-PCR protocols for the detection of DWV followed by sequencing of the PCR products we could demonstrate that the bumble bees were indeed infected with DWV. The virus was detected from Bombus ignitus, and its partial DWV gene was cloned and sequenced. The partial DWV gene encoding the polyprotein is 711-nt of 235 amino acid residues. The deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV showed 96.9%, 96.2%, 96.8%, and 96.5% homology to other structure polyprotein partial gene of DWV from insects, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis further conformed that the deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV divided to the outside tree. We describe the first time that presence of Deformed wing virus(DWV) from bumble bee(Bombus terrestris) in korea using RT-PCR.