Chromosomal level genome draft was assembled using a Korean Diadegma fenestrale (Jeju strain, KJ09). This assembly was achieved through a combined approach utilizing Nanopore long-read sequencing (approximately 134X coverage) and Illumina NovaSeq short-read sequencing (approximately 83X coverage). The assembled genome spans 243 Mb, comprises 160 scaffolds, with most of the genome contained within 11 chromosomal level scaffolds. The completeness of the assembly is reflected in BUSCO assessment, with values reaching 99.6%. Gene annotation is not completed. A symbiotic virus, Diadegma fenestrale Ichnovirus (DfIV) genome revealed 62 non-overlapping circular DNA segments the aggregate genome size was approximately 240 kb. Although the frequency of DfIV genome integration into the host’s 11 chromosomes varies from 0 to 32%, it was confirmed that all 62 DfIV genome fragments were inserted into the host genome. A total of 123 ORFs were predicted from the DfIV genome and most of those were expressed in the host’s ovary. This result may be contradictory to existing theories, but we propose a new hypothesis that some genes possessed by viruses may play different roles depending on the type and state of the host. Additionally, this phenomenon can be considered in relation to coevolution with the hosts.

본격적인 뉴노멀(New Normal) 시대에 접어들면서 중소기업의 중요성은 더욱 강조되는 추세이다. 우리나라도 경제성장과 일자리 창출을 위하여 중소기업 지원을 강화하고 있으며, 특히 R&D투자와 기술혁신을 촉진하기 위하여 국가연구개발사업과 조세지원제도를 확충하는 등 다양한 정책수단을 강구하고 있다. 하지만 중소기업의 R&D투자를 유인하기 위한 직·간접지원의 효용성에 대해서는 연구자마다 의견이 엇갈리고 있으며, 두 정책수단 간 최적의 조합을 모색하려는 논의는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 중소기업 정책의 주 무부처가 격상되었고, 중소기업을 지원하는 정부 R&D투자의 규모가 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 현 시점이 직·간접지원의 정책조합을 비롯한 중장기적 방향성에 대하여 논의할 적기로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 그간 국내 학계에서 발표되었던 유관 연구 32건을 취합하여 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석을 시도하였다. 이러한 작업은 단순히 정부의 정책지원이 중소기업의 자체 R&D투자를 유인하는지 검증하는 수준을 넘어, 그간의 관련 논쟁을 종합하고 실증적으로 정리한다는 의의도 있다. 본 연구의 메타분석 결과, 대기업은 조세지원 위주로, 중소기업은 보조금 위주로 지원하는 것이 효과적이었다. 하지만 현재 우리나라의 중소기업 R&D지원은 직접지원에 대한 비중이 과도하게 높아서 간접지원 비중을 점진적으로 늘릴 필요성이 제기된 다.

Among several insect pests in the potato fields, Liriomyza huidobrensis, pea leafminer, is emerging as a new threat to potato plants. Adult females damage the host mesophyll cells host due to ovipositor probing. After egg hatching, the eclosing larva also damage the leaf by mining the mesophyll and causing tissue death. Despite the importance of leafminer in potato production, there is no information available regarding its resistance level to potato cultivars in Korea. Using choice test, 21 potato cultivars consisting of 11 early-maturing, 6 mid-maturing and 4 late-maturing cultivars were evaluated the resistance to pea leafminer in the greenhouse and field condition. In this test, significant differences for resistance were observed. High levels of resistance to leafminers were obtained from cvs. Namsuh, Seohong, Jayoung and Superior. These resistant cultivars might be useful in future breeding programmes.

Potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the fields from warm temperate to tropical climates, and tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. To search potent natural enemies of PTM, we collected >150 PTM larvae from potato fields in Jeju-do in May, 2009 and then reared in the room until wasp adults emerging, which was identified by Lee J.W. as Diadegma fenestrale (tentative Korean name, 감자뿔나방맵시벌). This is the first report in Korea. When supplied 10% sugar solution on adults to rear, the longevity was 12.2±2.0 day, which was much longer than supplied with only water (5.0±1.4 day) or none (3.1±1.1 day). When the 2nd larvae of PTM, 10 days after hatch, dwelled in potato tubers were supplied to parasitoid adults for parasitization, the developmental periods from egg oviposition to adult emergence was 24.0±2.9 day, and the sex ratio of newly emerged adults was 0.27. The parasitization ratio indoor showed a kaleidoscopic characteristics, ranged from 30.0% to 71.4%. It represented that many factors might be related for the successful parasitization to PTM larvae.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) has been a destructive pest on potato in the fields and strores through tropical to subtropical area. According to global warming, PTM distribution limit in Korea is facing north gradually. Recently, potato fields damaged by PTM are reported intermittently in the midsection of a country and southward. To secure a sufficient number of insect with equal growth stage is a prerequisite for investigating bionomics and developing new agrochemicals to control pests. In 2009, we collected PTM larvae first from the potato fields in Miryang and Gimcheon, and then placed them into transparent hexagonal rearing cage (30×30×30cm) with providing potato tubers as a food till emergence. A transparent cylindrical rearing cage (Φ15×30cm) erected vertically before putting emerged adults, and covered upper opening with net (50 mesh). To get eggs, we placed a filter paper (Φ11cm, called ‘oviposition paper’) on the net and sprinkled sugar solution. The oviposition paper laid eggs was stored in 10℃ refrigerator and changed with new one every 1~2 day interval. The developmental period of eggs to hatch was 5.2±0.7 days at 23±2℃, L16/D8 condition. Although adults laid eggs continuously for two weeks, second to fifth days after emergence showed highest oviposition, which suggested the most efficient periods for collecting sufficient eggs. A hatchability of eggs laid within 10 days after emergence was over 90%.