The push-out tests have been conducted on the specimens which consist of the steel beam with U-shape section and the cap-type shear connectors with constant intervals. Existing equations for the evaluation of shear connector strength have been investigated on the basis of test results. The reinforcing bars for longitudinal reinforcement and the penetrative bars for transverse reinforcement didn’t have much effect on the shear capacity of the cap-type shear connector. The larger the width of cap-type shear connector was profiled, the greater the shear strength turned. The shear capacities of cap-type shear connectors with constant intervals were evaluated on the basis of push-out test results, and those were possible to be determined with proper safety margin using the Eurocode 4. The slip capacity of cap-type shear connector was shown to exceed the limit value of 6mm for sufficiently ductile behavior.
In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.
Seolleongtang, a traditional broth in Korea, is expected to become a hot global item for its unique flavor and healthiness. In this study, the correlations between sensory attributes and physicochemical characteristics were studied for the popular seolleongtang stock products through descriptive analysis, sensory evaluation and analysis of salt, soluble solid, protein, viscosity and color for the quality control. Our results indicate that color, concentration, viscosity, and freshness are important attributes in evaluating the quality of seolleongtang stock. There were significant differences between preference and sensory attributes among the stock products. Significant correlations were found between flavor and texture and overall acceptability, as well as beany odor and aroma. Preference and physicochemical aspects also correlated, and indicate that a range of salt, solubility, and viscosity are applicable as quality control factors in seollengtang stock.
경상북도(慶尙北道) 지역(地域)을 중심(中心)으로 송이버섯 발생지(發生地)의 추이(推移)를 파악할 수 있는 자료를 수립(樹立)하기 위하여 송이버섯 생산지(生産地)의 분포도(分布圖)(Fig 1)과 그 위도적(緯度的) 분포(分布)(Table 1)를 작성(作成)하였다. 경상북도(慶尙北道) 동북(東北)쪽에 위치(位置)하고 있는 울진군(蔚珍郡), 영덕군(盈德郡), 영양군(英陽郡), 봉화군(奉化郡)에 비교적 균일한 분포(分布)를 나타내었고, 문경군(聞慶郡), 상주군(尙州郡), 예천군(醴泉郡), 영풍군, 의성군(義城郡), 달성군(達城郡), 경산군(慶山郡), 청도군(淸道郡)에는 일부지역에서 발생(發生)하고 있었으며, 금릉군(金陵郡), 성주군(星州郡), 칠곡군(漆谷郡), 월성군(月城郡), 선산군(善山郡), 경산군(慶山郡) 지역(地域)에서는 거의 발생(發生)하지 않고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 전체적(全體的)인 송이버섯 발생(發生)의 경향은 소나무 임지(林地)의 분포(分布)나 임분(林分)의 건전도(健全度)에 밀접한 영향을 띠고 있었으며, 송이버섯 발생지(發生地)의 면적(面積)을 각군별(各郡別)로 그 수를 헤아려 보면(Table 1) 울진군(蔚珍郡) 117개소(個所), 영덕군(盈德郡) 70개소(個所), 영양군(英陽郡) 54개소(個所), 문경군(聞慶郡) 38개소(個所), 청송군(淸松郡) 37개소(個所), 안동군(安東郡) 35개소(個所), 상주군(尙州郡) 32개소(個所), 봉화군(奉化郡) 26개소(個所), 영풍군 22개소(個所), 영일군(迎日郡) 17개소(個所), 영천군(永川郡) 15개소(個所), 의성군(義城郡) 15개소(個所), 경산군(慶山郡) 10개소(個所), 군위군(軍威郡) 9개소(個所), 청도군(淸道郡) 6개소(個所), 예천군(醴泉郡) 5개소(個所), 선산군(善山郡) 4개소(個所), 달성군(達成郡) 3개소(個所), 칠곡군(漆谷郡) 2개소(個所) 월성군(月城郡)의 경우 1개 개소에서 송이버섯 발생(發生)하고 있었으며 전혀 발생(發生)하지 않는 지역(地域)도 있었다.
The direction of scientific researches on tree improvement and forest management in several universities and research institutes in Japan can be summarized as follows: They put a great emphasis on sugi, Cryptomeria japonica and cypress, Chamaecyparus oblusa which are two major conifer species largerly planted in the Japanese forestry. In the research of sugi, a great concern has been made in evaluating inheritance of forest tree, quantitative characters and genetic parameter of growth, and in breeding for resistance to diseases and insects and to all the natural calamities. Interaction between environmental conditions and genetic nature of tree can be concerned factors in relation with forest damage, together with silvicultural conditions and pest infestation. Selfing hybrids of made from crossing twisted-leaf sugi, defomity leaf type and midori sugi, normal leaf type segregated the normal needle, twisted needle, green leaf and albino leaf type. It seemed that separation of many defomity individuals can be governed by two dominant complementary genes and from the near loci of which it was detected lethal genes. 52% of Japanese forestry is occupied by the small forest landowners like Korean forestry. This made difficulty for forest improvement such as progressive afforestation and for capital accumulation form forestry. The Forest Corporation was established at first in 1959 to aming at productive forestry structure and forest management, and afforestation. For these purpose, 35 Forest Corporations are at moment operating throughout Japan. However, investment in forestry business becomes less attractive since the wage in forest production duction increased in higher trend. than timber price. Therefore, an artifical afforestation becomes yearly decreased. At present. the self-sufficient rate of timber production in Japan is about 35%, and so a great effort is being made to increase self-sufficient rate of timber production.
코르티코트로핀분비인자(Corticotropin-releasing factor)는 스트레스 반응에 관여하는 호르몬으로, 최근 스트레스가 탈모와 같은 피부질환에 영향을 미친다는 보고들이 많아지고 있다. 보고에 따르면, 사람 모낭 배양에서 코르티코트로핀분비인자는 길이생장을 억제하며, 모낭의 조기퇴행을 유도하고 모기질각질형성세포(hair matrix keratinocyte)의 세포사멸을 촉진시킨다. 본 연구에서는 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 모발성장과 모주기조절에 핵심적으로 역할하는 모유두세포에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 했다. 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신축의 주요 스트레스호르몬들인 코르티코트로핀분비인자, 부신피질자극호르몬, 그리고 코르티솔을 사람 모유두세포에 처리하였다. 흥미롭게도, 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 모발성장과 관련된 사이토카인(KGF, Wnt5a, TGFβ-2, Nexin)의 발현을 변화시키는 것을 관찰하였으며, 세포 내 cAMP의 수준을 증가시켰고, 수용체의 발현을 억제시켰다. 이러한 변화는 수용체의 길항제인 antalarmin과 astressin2B, 또는 PKA 억제제의 전처리로 인해 막을 수 있었다. 코르티코트로핀분비인자는 cAMP/PKA경로를 통해 POMC의 발현을 유도하는데, 사람 모유두세포에서도 이 호르몬의 처리가 POMC mRNA의 발현을 증가시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었으나 부신피질자극호르몬의 변화는 western blot으로는 확인할 수 없었다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로, 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 그 수용체를 통해 사람 모유두세포 내 모발성장 관련 사이토카인의 발현을 조절함을 확인하였으며, 이는 코르티코트로핀분비인자의 수용체 길항제가 스트레스성 탈모환자를 위한 치료제 혹은 화장품 소재로써 활용될 수 있음을 보여준다.