In this study, based on the results from the sinusoidal base excitation analyses of a single degree of freedom system with a tuned mass damper (TMD) , the optimal friction is computed so that the rail friction improve the performance of the TMD. The magnitude of the optimal friction increases with increasing mass ratio of the TMD and decreases with increasing structural damping. Particularly, it is observed that the optimized friction force gives better control performance than the optimized viscous damping of the TMD. However, because the performance of the TMD considerably deteriorates when the friction force increases over the optimal value, it is required to keep the friction force from exceeding the optimal value. Based on the results from this study, it is possible to economically design the TMD by avoiding the unconditional minimization of the rail friction and in some cases by removing the additional damping devices of which function can be performed by the rail friction.

An experimental real-time hybrid method, which implements the wind response control of a building structure with only a two-way TLMD, is proposed and verified through a shaking table test. The building structure is divided into the upper experimental TLMD and the lower numerical structural part. The shaking table vibrates the TLMD with the response calculated from the numerical substructure，which is subjected to the excitations of the measured interface control force at its top story and an wind-load input at its base. The results show that the conventional method can be replaced by the proposed methodology with a simple installation and accuracy for evaluating the control performance of a TLMD

In this paper, a two-way tuned liquid mass damper(TLMD) using a tuned liquid column damper(TLCD) and a rubber-bearing-type tuned mass damper(TMD) was manufactured for controlling two-way direction acceleration responses of a high-rise building structure. The proposed controlling device behaves as a tuned liquid column damper in one direction and as a tuned mass damper in the other direction. In this study, Performance evaluation of the downscaled model is conducted. The results show that the two-way controllability is behaved independently each other and realscale TLMD applicable to the high-rise building can be designed.

본 논문에서 건축구조물의 풍응답 구현을 위한 선형질량가진기(linear mass shaker, LMS)와 능동동조질량감쇠기(active tuned mass damper, ATMD)를 이용한 가진시스템을 제안한다. 가진시스템을 위한 가진기의 힘은 가진기에 의한 구조물의 목표응답의 전달함수를 사용하여 계산된다. 필터와 포락곡선함수는 예측하지 못한 모드응답에 의한 가진과 초기 과도응답을 제거함으로써 실제 바람에 의한 응답과 가진기에 의한 응답의 오차를 최소화하기 위하여 사용되었다. 수치예제로는 풍동실험을 통한 풍하중이 주어진 76층 벤치마크 구조물을 이용하여 수치해석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 특정층에 설치된 가진시스템은 풍하중이 전층에 가진되었을 때의 응답을 근사하게 구현할 수 있음을 보여준다. 제안된 방법에 의해 설계된 가진시스템은 실제 건축구조물의 풍응답 특성을 평가하는데, 그리고 풍하중을 받는 건물의 정확한 수치모델을 얻는데 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.

건축 및 토목 구조물의 진동 제어분야에서 중앙집중식 제어방식은 주어진 목표응답수준을 만족시키기 위해서 전력공급, 센서, 그리고 감쇠기 등을 포함하는 복잡한 제어시스템을 구축하고 유지하는 노력이 필요하고, 구조물 유한요소모델의 큰차수, 모델의 불확실성, 가력장치의 제한 등의 이유로 적용성의 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 센서 혹은 컴퓨터없이 준능동 MR 감쇠기가 설치된 층만의 정보에 의해 제어력이 생성되는 분산제어식 응답의존형 MR 감쇠기가 제안하였다. 제안된 분산제어식 응답의존형 MR 감쇠기는 구조물의 층전단력에 대한 가변마찰력 크기 비의 변화에 따라 지진하중을 받는 구조물의 제어성능이 수동인 경우와 비선형 시간이력해석을 통해 비교 평가되었다. 마지막으로 일반 제어이론에서 널리 이용되는 중앙집중식 LQR 알고리듬과 본 논문에서 제안된 분산제어식 응답의존형 MR감쇠기가 3층 전단형 구조물을 대상으로 수치해석을 통해 비교 평가됨으로써 제안된 알고리즘의 유효성을 검증하였다.

마찰형 감쇠를 갖는 구조물은 구조물의 고유주기, 하중의 특성, 그리고 외부하중에 대한 마찰력의 상대적인 크기에 따라 강한 비선형성을 나타내므로, 구조물의 최대응답을 예측하기 매우 어렵다. 기존의 연구에서는 비선형 시스템을 등가의 선형 시스템으로 치환하거나, 구조물의 비선형 시간이력해석을 통한 응답스펙트럼 분석에 의한 간단한 확률해석에 의해 수행되었다. 지진 하중은 불확실성과 불규칙성을 갖고 있기 때문에 확률적으로 정의된다면, 지진하중을 받는 마찰형 감쇠를 갖는 구조물의 응답 역시 확률분포를 나타낼 것이다. 본 논문에서는 Kanai-Tajimi 필터를 이용해 생성된 인공지진하중에 대해 마찰형 감쇠를 갖는 구조물의 비선형 시간이력 해석이 수행되었다. 그리고 정규분포 확률밀도 함수에 선형 회귀분석을 통해 얻어진 구조물의 주기와 마찰력의 크기에 의한 변수를 업데이트 시킨 마찰형 감쇠를 갖는 구조물의 변위 응답 확률밀도함수식이 제시된다.

This paper investigate vibration suppression by the active variable stiffness system (AVS system). AVS system can change its stiffness by special elements called on-off elements. The control logic deciding on-off states of on-off element is based on the method of dividing phase plane. A phase plane is composed of displacement and velocity axis. This control logic is easily applicable to both single and multi degree of system, because it is local control logic that determines on-off states according to the relative displacement and velocity between the floors in which each on-off element is installed. By this control logic, on-off elements can absorb and dissipate the earthquake energy. On-off element is on state when the sign of displacement multiplied by velocity is positive, because on-off element absorb the system vibration energy. Conversely, on-off element is off state when the sign of displacement multiplied by velocity is negative, because on-off element dissipate the absorbed system vibration energy. The effectiveness of this control logic can be proved in the second way through the active control experiment using the active mass damper (AMD).

Structures with Coulomb-friction damping system have strong nonlinearity that the dynamic behavior is highly affected by the relative magnitude between frictional force and excitation load. In this study, normalized response spectra of the structures with non-dimensional friction force are obtained through nonlinear time history analyses of the mass-normalized single degree of freedom systems using ground motion data designed by ATC-40 and Korean Building Code 2005(KBC 2005) on each slte. The variation of the control performance of Coulomb-frictional damping system is investigated in terms of the dynamic load and the structural natural period, of which effects were not considered in the previous studies. Finally, Design spectra of the structure with Coulomb-frictional damper considering the safety of structural design is proposed though linear curve fitting

In this paper, excitation systems using linear mass shaker (LMS) and active tuned mass damper (ATMD) are presented in order to simulate the wind induced responses of a building structure. The actuator force for the excitation systems is calculated by using the inverse transfer function of a target structural response to the actuator. Filter and envelop function are used such that the error between the wind and actuator induced responses is minimized by preventing the actuator from exciting unexpected modal response and initial transient response. The analyses results from a 76-story benchmark building problem in which wind load obtained by wind tunnel test is given, indicate that the excitation system installed at a specific floor can approximately embody the structural responses induced by the wind load applied to each floor of the structure. The excitation system designed by the proposed method can be effectively used for evaluating the wind response characteristics of a practical building structure and for obtaining an accurate analytical model of the building under wind load.

A standard RC apartment structure was analysed using commercial structural analysis program MIDAS. The effects of TLD were considered by equivalent tuned mass damper model and harmonic load of wmch frequency was identical to that of the RC structure and artificial earthquake loads generated accroding to the design spectrum in KBC2005 were used as excitation loads. TLD showed maximally 70% reduction of peak/RMS relative displacement, interstory drift, acceleration, and story shear induced by harmonic load while it reduced about 20~28% of those structural responses excluding absolute acceleration induced by artificial earthquake loads.

본 논문에서는 수정 슬라이딩 모드제어기의 비선형 이력구조물의 지진응답 제어성능이 평가되었다. 수정 슬라이딩모드 제어는 제어력을 계산하기 위해 Lyapunov함수의 목표변화율을 이용하는 기법으로 기존 연구에서는 선형구조물에 대한 성능만이 조사되었다. 그러나 강진시 대부분의 구조물은 비선형 거동을 보인다는 점을 고려할 때 기존 연구의 결과는 실제 적용에 있어 제한점을 가지고 있다. Bouc-Wen 모델을 사용하여 구조물의 비선형 거동을 모델링 하였으며, 이력이선형 단자유도 구조물에 대한 통계해석과 비선형이력 면진구조물에 대한 해석결과는 제안된 수정 슬라이딩모드 제어알고리즘이 기존의 슬라이딩모드 제어기보다 우수한 성능을 가짐을 보여준다.

Forced vibration testing is important for correlating the mathematical model of a structure with the realone and for evaluating the performance of the real structure. There exist various techniques available for evaluating the seismic performance using dynamic and static measurements. In this paper, full scale forced vibration tests simulating earthquake response are implemented by using a hybrid mass damper. The finite element(FE) model of the structure was analytically constructed using ANSYS and the model was updated using the results experimentally measured by the forced vibration test. System identification of real-scaled 5 story building structure which is located in UNISON INC. is conducted on the updated FE model.

Optimal weighting matrix in LQR method for determining sliding surfaces is proposed for different types of sliding mode controllers (SMC). In order to identify the control performance variation of SMC accorcling to the dynamic characteristics of sliding surfaces, parametric study is performed for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems and control force limit is considered. Also, based on the results from SDOF systems，a procedure for optimal weighting matrix is proposed for multi-degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical analyses show that the SMC using proposed weighting matrix provide better control performance than the existing SMC, and it uses less control energy.

The control performance of LCVA designed for mitigation of wind-induced motion of Songdo high rise building is evaluated using 1/20 scaled test model. The effectiveness of the LCVA is then examined tuning LCVA to 90%, 100%, and 110% of the natural frequency, 0.74Hz. The test structure is excited using a sinusoidal signal ranging 0.2 ~ 1.2 Hz with 5.5mm displacement, and acceleration and displacement of structure, water height, and shear force are measured. Experimental results indicate that the LCVA tuned to 100% of the natural frequency with orifice opening ratio of zero reduce the peak and RMS displacement up to 67% and 72%.

The behavior of the Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) which has been widely used for mitigating structural vibration is generally modeled by linear wave theory and its vibration control performance is evaluated using Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) analogy. However, some previous studies showed that the properties of the TLD such as natural frequency and damping ratio were dependent on the excitation amplitude. In this study, the dynamic nonlinear characteristics of the TLD are investigated by shaking table test with varying excitation amplitude. In case of harmonic excitation experimentation, the damping ratio, natural frequency, and effective mass are obtained through envelope curves overlap of time-history curve from measured base shear and analogy base shear using simulation a freedom of simple degree modeling. In the white noise experimentation, the parameters obtained through curve-fitting of the transfer function from the table acceleration to the base shear.

본 논문에서는, 동조액체감쇠기(이하 TLD)만을 실험적 부분구조로 이용하여 TLD가 설치된 건축구조물의 지진 응답 제어효과를 평가하기 위한 실시간 하이브리드 실험법을 제안하고 진동대 실험을 통해 실험적으로 규명한다. 제안된 실험법에서, TLD가 설치된 전체구조물은 상부의 TLD와 하부의 구조물 부분으로 각각 실험적 그리고 수치해석적 부분구조로 나누어진다. 이때 부분구조 사이의 경계면에서 작용하는 하중 또는, TLD에 의한 제어력은 진동대에 설치된 전단형 로드셀에 의해 계측되며 진동대는, 계측된 경계면에서의 제어력이 상부에 작용하고 또한 동시에 기초에 지진하중이 작용하는 수치해석적 부분구조로부터 계산된 응답으로, 상부에 설치된 TLD를 가진하게 된다. 제안된 실험법에 의한 결과와 TLD와 건물모델 모두를 제작하여 실험하는 기존의 방법에 의한 실험 결과들은 서로 잘 일치하며, 이로써 본 논문에서 제안된 실험법을 이용하여 TLD의 제어성능을 손쉽게 평가 할 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

본 연구에서는, 지진하중에 의해 구조물에 발생하는 진동을 제어하기 위하여 토글 시스템의 비선형성을 연구하고, 자기유변유체(MR) 감쇠기를 장착한 토글 가새시스템의 성능을 평가하였다. Bingham 모델로 표현되는 MR감쇠기의 제어력이 속도의 함수인 점을 고려하여, 토글 가새시스템에 의한 속도증폭계수를 계산하였고 토글 형태에 대한 증폭계수효과를 평가하였다. 특히 강한 지진하중에서 쉐브론과 대각가새 등의 전형적인 가새시스템에 장착된 MR감쇠기가 충분한 응답감소효과를 제공하지 못하는 경우에, 토글 가새시스템을 사용하여 제어성능을 크게 강화시키는 것을 수치해석 결과를 통하여 확인하였다.

This paper presents vibration control of a real-scaled five-story steel structure subjected to horizontal excitation using a semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) damper. A large-sized double-rod MR damper, which is applicable for vibration control of the real-scaled five-story structure, is designed and manufactured on the basis of the field-dependent Bingham model of the MR fluid. The damping force of the MR damper is experimentally evaluated with respect to the excitation frequency at various magnetic fields. After formulating the governing equation of motion for the five-story structure associated with the MR damper, displacement and acceleration responses of the structure are discussed under pseudo earthquake excitation in which a hybrid mass damper is designed to reproduce seismically excited structural responses. The controllers which require only structural response of the damper installed floor for calculating the input current of the MR damper are designed to effectively suppress unwanted structural vibrations

Seismic control performance of MR dampers, which have severe nonlinearity, is different with respect to the dynamic characteristics of earthquake excitations such as magnitude and frequency contents. In this study, effects of excitation characteristics on the equivalent linear system represented by an equivalent damping ratio for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with a MR damper are investigated through numerical analysis for various natural frequencies of the structures and design parameters of the MR damper. In addition, to implement the an equivalent linearization procedure considering non-stationarity and frequency contents of the earthquake excitation, seismic response reduction factors for artificial earthquake ground motions are proposed using regression analysis of the linear structural responses. Analysis results show that the relative magnitude of the excitation compared to the friction force of the MR damper and frequency contents of the excitation affect the equivalent damping ratio considerably, and appropriate combination of friction and damping produces additional damping effect

In this paper, simulating the wind induced responses of a building structure using a linear mass shaker is presented. The shaker force is calculated by using the inverse transfer function of a target structural response to the actuator. Filter and envelop function are used such that the error between wind and exciter induced responses is minimized by preventing the shaker from exciting unexpected modal response and initial transient response. The analyses results from a 76-story benchmark building problem in which wind load obtained by wind tunnel test is given, indicate that the linear mass shaker installed at a specific floor can approximately embody the structural responses induced by the wind load applied to each floor of the structure. The linear mass shaker signal is generated by the proposed method can be effectively used for evaluating the wind response characteristics of a practical building structure and for obtaining an accurate analytical model of the building under wind load.