Heteroepitaxy is a better method of enlarging SCD wafer size than homoepitaxy. In this work, several aspects of the bias process for heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation are studied experimentally. First, with increasing bias time, the diamondnucleation pathway is found to transform from “isolated-crystal nucleation” to “typical domain-nucleation” and back to “isolated-crystal nucleation.” An interdependent relationship between bias voltage and bias time is proposed: the higher the bias voltage, the shorter the bias time. Second, a correlation exists between the threshold bias voltage and reactor-chamber pressure: a higher reactor chamber pressure usually requires a higher threshold bias voltage to realize “typical domain nucleation.” Third, diamond bias-enhanced nucleation and growth is observed at a high CH4 content, where the dynamic equilibrium between amorphous-carbon-layer deposition and atomic-hydrogen etching is broken. Finally, epitaxial nucleation is obtained on a substrate with ∅30 mm in a home-made MPCVD setup.

세계적인 침입해충 담배가루이 (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)의 한국 계통과 중국 계통의 유연관계를 알아보기 위하여 2019년에 채집한 두 계통들의 biotype 분포, 살충제 반응, 바이러스 보독율을 조사하고 차이를 분석하였다. 미토콘드리아 COI 유전자 서열을 이용하여 집단 분석한 결과 국내는 모든 지역계통에서 Q biotype만 발견되었으며, 중국은 B biotype (14.3%)과 Q biotype (85.7%)이 동시에 발견되었다. 담배가루이 Q biotype의 haplotpye 구성도 중국은 모두 Q1 그룹만 관찰되었고 Q1H1 (79.8%), Q1H2 (20.2%)로 구성되어 있었으며, 한국은 Q1이 우세한 가운 데 Q2도 관찰되었으며 Q1 그룹의 구성도 Q1H1 (1.7%), Q1H2 (97.5%)로 중국과는 크게 달랐다. 15종 살충제에 대한 약제반응은 국내 계통은 일부 약제를 제외하고 대부분 약제에서 충분한 살충력 (mortality≥80%)을 보여주었으나 중국 계통은 40% 이하의 살충력을 보인 약제들이 다수 있었으며 한국보다는 높은 저항성을 갖고 있었다. 토마토 황화잎말림바이러스 (TYLCV)의 보독율은 국내 계통에서는 발견되지 않았으며 중국의 경우 0∼60% (평균 21.4%) 가 발견되었다. 따라서 한국와 중국의 담배가루이 계통 간에는 유전적 조성과 살충제 반응, 바이러스 보독율에 있어서 큰 차이를 보여주었으며 양국의 담배가루이가 서로 다른 유입 패턴을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The right to free interpretation in criminal proceedings is one of the important components of the right to fair trial in international law. It applies to everyone within the territory and jurisdiction of the State, including those ethnic minorities who speak and write different languages from the ethnic majority. The international human rights treaty bodies and regional human rights courts expanded the scope of this right and imposed more obligations upon the State parties through the general comments and jurisprudences. This right serves to the interest of the right to fair trial in criminal proceedings. Under Chinese law, there might be two or more languages used in judicial proceedings in ethnic autonomous areas. In the case that one specific language is designated as the language to prosecute and try a specific criminal case, the Chinese judicial organs must provide interpretation and translation to the participant who is not familiar with that specific language. Therefore the right to free interpretation is implied in Chinese law and preserves the constitutional principle of equality to all ethnicities and the right to fair trial. The problem, however, is that such a right is not well implemented in Chinese judicial practice. Several practices are inconsistent with the minimum standards developed by the jurisprudence of the international human rights treaty bodies. It is suggested that China establish the regulations and judicial interpretations that comply with international minimum standards, and provide a robust constitutional review mechanism or national human rights institution to remedy the victims for violations of this right.

The response mechanism of Leymus chinensis communities to different habitats in the Songnen grassland of China was studied from the viewpoint of community-level energy accumulation and allocation, by measuring calorific values at every 10 ㎝ above and belowground. Patterns of energy allocation differed in the three habitats: sown, mown, and grazed plots. The energy production of the three habitats was highest in sown plots, followed by mown and grazed plots in declining order. The varying patterns of energy allocation may reflect strategies of long-term adaptation to the varying conditions in the three communities. The results provided evidence t㏊t different habitat conditions, induced by different intensities of anthropogenic influences, have profound impacts on energy accumulation and proportional allocation in L. chinensis communities.

Suzhou Taohuawu Year Painting is one of the four major Year Paintings in China, which is a symbol of Jiangnan urban Year Painting. During the past years, it experienced fire in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Cultural Revolution and the impact when offset printing replaced traditional woodcut Year Painting, covered all over with scars. Trying to start from the history of Year Painting, this article analyzes the difficulties in inheritance and innovation of Taohuawu, interprets the evolution of Taohuawu Year Painting from style, theme, skills, etc. Taohuawu Year Painting is a development hi-story of Year Painting, also a reflection of cultural development in Suzhou.

Cold acclimation of plants is a highly active process resulting from the expression of a number of physiological and metabolic adaptations to low temperature. Major metabolic changes in carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids, amino acids, and growth regula