Self-construal refers to how people define themselves in relation to others (Brewer & Gardner 1996; Markus & Kitayama 1991; Singelis 1994) and this concept is relevant to a range of consumer behavior’s (Mandel, 2003; Escalas & Bettman, 2005). Most importantly, self-construal can be used to understand behaviors in which the influence of others may play a significant role in influencing uptake of risky behaviors, such as tobacco smoking. This research examines the role of self-construal in resisting tobacco smoking among Tongan and New Zealand European women. While previous work on self-construal has primarily used a quantitative approach, this study argues that a qualitative approach, specifically using images to represent scale items of self-construal is more effective in capturing the nuances of self-construal in the context of minority groups. This study contributes methodologically to the self-construal literature by demonstrating how a qualitative approach enables the complexities of self-construal to be captured in a way that a quantitative approach would not have allowed.

The influence of doping on the structural and morphological properties of the phosphor system, obtained ultrasonically via Spray Pyrolysis from common gadolinium and europium nitrate solutions, was studied. The particle morphology, crystalline and chemical structure were studied by XRD, SEM and EDS. TEM was applied in order to identify the structure and growth of "primary nanoparticles" and determine the presence of domains locally affected by "Moires Frames" and "Crystallite Size". The SADP allows determining the presence of a polycrystalline material with two phases in the "as-prepared" samples, and only an Ia3 phase along the thermal treatment.