In this study, changes in the microbial ecosystem of the Yeongheungdo island coastal waters were investigated for five years to collect basic data. To evaluate the influence of distance from the coast on the microbial ecosystem, four sites, coastal Site (S1) and 0.75, 1.5, and 3 km away from the coast, were set up and the changes in physicochemical and biological factors were monitored. The results showed seasonal changes in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and pH but with no significant differences between sites. For nutrients, the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen increased from 6.4 μM in April-June to 16.4 μM in July-November, while that of phosphorus and silicon phosphate increased from 0.4 μM and 2.5 μM in April-June to 1.1 μM and 12.0 μM in July-November, respectively. Notably, phosphorus phosphate concentrations were lower in 2014-2015 (up to 0.2 μM) compared to 2016-2018 (up to 2.2 μM), indicating phosphorus limitation during this period. However, there were no differences in nutrients with distance from the coast, indicating that there was no effect of distance on nutrients. Phytoplankton (average 511 cells mL-1) showed relatively high biomass (up to 3,370 cells mL-1) in 2014-2015 when phosphorus phosphate was limited. Notably, at that time, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon was not high, with concentrations ranging from 1.1-2.3 mg L-1. However, no significant differences in biological factors were observed between the sites. Although this study revealed that there was no disturbance of the ecosystem, further research and more basic data on the microecosystem are necessary to understand the ecosystem of the Incheon.

유해 남조류 Microcystis 종에 의한 녹조현상은 매년 빈번하게 일어나며, 이로 인한 수자원의 질적 변화와 먹는 물 확보에 문제가 발생하고 있다. Microcystis 종에 의한 피해를 막고자 개발된 naphthoquinone (NQ) 유도체 물질의 장점 분석을 위해 국내에서 빈번히 사용되는 황토를 이용한 microcosm 실험을 하고자 하였다. 그 결과, NQ 40, NQ 2-0 물질은 선행 연구 결과와 동일하게 유해 남조류 Microcystis 종을 선택적으로 99.9%, 99.6% 제어했으며, 식물플랑크톤 종 다양성을 증진시켰다. 그러나, 황토를 처리한 실험구는 실험 초기 일시적인 조류 제어효과를 보인 후 다시 증가하였으며, 유용 조류를 포함한 모든 식물플랑크톤에게 적용되어 다른 조류의 성장은 이루어지지 않았다. 뿐만 아니라, NQ 물질을 처리한 처리구는 비생물학적, 생물학적요인 모두 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 대조구와 유사한 경향이 관찰되었다. 따라서, 최종적으로 개량된 유해 남조류 제어물질 NQ 2-0은 높은 살조효과, 선택적 제어효과, 저독성, 자연분해에 의한 비잔류성 뿐만 아니라, 편의성 및 경제성까지 갖춘 새로운 살조물질로서 현재까지 개발된 살조물질 보다 현장 생태계 적용에 가장 적합한 친환경 녹조제어 물질이라고 판단된다.

From June 2007 to May 2008, seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF), together with environmental factors, were investigated at weekly and monthly intervals in Kyeonggi Bay. During the study period, the water temperature and salinity varied from 1.9℃~29.0℃ and 31~35.1 psu, respectively. The concentration of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.22 μM, 2.03 to 15.34 μM, 0.06 to 1.82 μM, and 0.03 to 18.3 μM, respectively. The annual average concentration of Chl. a varied from 0.86 μg L-1 to 37.70 μg L-1; the concentration was twice as much at the surface than at the deeper layers. The abundance of bacteria and HNF ranged from 0.29×106 to 7.62×106 cells mL-1 and 1.00×102 to 1.26×103 cells mL-1, respectively. In particular, there were significant correlations between bacteria and HNF abundance (p<0.05), and then the high abundance of HNF was frequently observed with an increase of bacterial abundance in summer (p<0.001). Our results therefore indicate that bacterial abundance in the bay was mainly controlled by resources supplied as organic and inorganic substances from Lake Shihwa due to the daily water exchange after dike construction. Also, the bacterial abundance was significantly controlled by HNF grazing pressure (top-down) in the warm seasons, i.e. excluding winter, in the Kyeonggi Bay.

Bloom of small centric diatom Stephanodiscus is quite occasional in winter season in temperate freshwater ecosystems. It often leads to degradation of water quality and affects the quality of supplied drinking water. In a previous study, we have found that naphthoquinone (NQ) 4-6 derivate is an effective tool for efficient mitigation of natural S. hantzschii blooms. In the present research, polylactide (PLA) and agar foam were used as immobilized agent for NQ 4-6 to improve the efficiency of NQ 4-6 compound releasing process for its application under various field conditions. Mesocosm experiments at 10 ton scale suggested that the abundance of S. hantzschii was continuously increased in the control and upon treatment of the mesocosm with immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam. Their algicidal activities were 78.8% and 77.1%, respectively, on S. hantzschii after 10 days. In the mesocosm experiments, the dynamics of biotic (bacteria, HNFs, ciliates, zooplankton) and abiotic (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients) factors remained unaffected. They exhibited similar trends in the control and treatment groups. Therefore, the immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam has potential to be used as an alternative algicidal substance to effectively mitigate natural S. hantzschii blooms under various field conditions. In addition, it not only can be used to control S. hantzschii, but also is an effective technique. The immobilized NQ 4-6 showed stable controlled release in desired system.

For several decades, lactic acid bacterium (Lactobacillus graminis: LAB) has been generally recognized as safe. To develop the pan-environmental bio-control agent, algicidal activity of the live LAB cell and its culture filtrate (CF) was examined against Microcystis aeruginosa. LAB cells perfectly lysed M. aeruginosa within 3 days, while the CF had a less effect than the live cells, approximately 78% inhibition of algal growth during a same culture period. The concentration of microcystin in alone culture of M. aeruginosa was 7.1 μg L-1, but gradually increased and leach 158.5 μg L-1 on 10 days. However, LAB cells clearly decreased the microcystin by 10.3 μg L-1 in the same period, approximately 93.5%. CF of LAB showed a strong algicidal activity over 75% between pH 2-7, 91.3% by the treatment of proteinase K, 87.8% by below 3 kDa in particle size, and 75.3% by heat treatment, respectively. Of five solvents, fractions of CF passed through solvents diethyl ether and ethyl acetate showed an obvious algicidal activity in the algal-lawn test. Among 5 fractions purified by silica-gel TLC plate, two spots showed a most strong removal activity on M. aeruginosa. Another analysis of GC indicate that CF contained six representative fatty acids. Even though most of these substance have been known as an anti-algal substance against M. aeruginosa, oleic acid is the most effective. These results suggested that the culture filtrate or specific substances, like a fatty acids, in comparison with live L. graminis can be a successful and eco-friendly agent to control Microcystis bloom.

2012년 북한강수계 전역에 걸쳐 대발생을 일으킨 남조 Anabaena의 분자생물학적 특성을 검토하였다. 시료는 2012년 7월 13일에 남조 Anabaena 밀도가 높았던 3개 호소- 의암호, 청평호, 팔당호에서 각각 채집하였다. 분석은 선행연구 문헌을 근거로 하는 형태학적 분석, 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석을 통한 분자계통학적 분석을 동시에 실시 하였다. 결과를 종합하면 북한강수계 3개 호소에서 조류 대발생을 일으킨 남조 Anabaena는 모두 동일종 Anabaena crassa (Lemmermann) Komark.-Legn. & Cronberg 이며, 동시에 출현하고 본 종과 형태 및 분자생물학적으 로 매우 유사한 A. circinalis는 환경요인에 따라 형태변 이가 쉽게 일으키는 동일종으로 밝혀졌다.