This paper provides keys to tribes, genera and species and synonymic lists for the 14 butterfly species belonging to eight genera of Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from Myanmar: Junonia hierta (Fabricius), Junonia orithya (Linnaeus), Linnaeus),Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus), (Linnaeus), iphitaCramer), Vanessa indica (Herbst), Symbrenthia lilaea (Hewitson), Yoma sabina (Cramer), Polygonia c-aureum (Linnaeus), Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus), Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus), Kallima limborgi (Moore), Kaniska canace (Linnaeus). Species accounts include taxonomic description, distributional ranges and adult illustration are briefly described.

Rhyparini is one of the tribes of well-known termitophilous scarabs included in Aphodiinae Leach, 1815. Several species of the tribe are known to live in association with termites, with both organisms occurring together in relatively large numbers. In extant numbers of this tribe, the larvae live inside termite nests. The tribe Rhyparini can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: clypeus usually bidentate though sometime feebly so, inflexed edge medially obtusely angulate; frons and vertex with tufts of setae or longitudinal tubercles; pronotum with six longitudinal costae equally spaced in at least posterior half of disc, lateral pronotal edge at least feebly bilobed in anterior half; elytra costae, costae varying on height, number and spacing, elytral apices frequently bulbous, epipleura narrow; posterior prosternal process hastate; antenna 9th segmented, club 3th segmented, segments of club short and compact. The tribe includes 77 species of 12 genera worldwide, and Pittino (2006) published a key to world genera in the subfamily Rhyparinae (tribe Rhyparini). In total, nine species of two genera in the tribe Rhyparini have been recorded in the Palaearctic region up to date: Rhyparus Westwood with eight species and Sybacodes Fairmaire one species, In Japan three species are known, China with one and Taiwan five. However, up to date, any has not been reported in Korea. In the present study we report on the tribe Rhyparini from Korea for the first time, based on Rhyparus azumaiazumai Nakane, 1956. Diagnosis and illustrations of detailed diagnostic characters, including male genitalia are provided.

2010년부터 2011년까지 미얀마 예진 지역의 과수원에서 methyl eugenol trap을 이용하여 과수원 해충인 과실파리에 대한 발생빈도와 피해정도에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 망고, 구아바, 대추나무를 대상으로 과실파리의 발생 정도를 알아보고 아울러 강수량, 온도, 습도, 일조시간 등 발생과 기후적요인과의 상호관계 등을 분석하였다. 그 결과 회귀분석에서 강수, 최저온도 그리고 상대습도는 과실파리의 발생에 긍정적인 영 향을 주었고 반면에 일조량은 발생을 억제하는 요인으로 작용하였다. 그리고 Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. dorsalis, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae와 Carpomya vesuvina 등, 모두 11종의 과실파리가 조사되 었고, 그 중 B. correcta와 B. dorsalis가 29.3%와 28.6%로 많은 개체수를 나타내었다. 구아바가 가장 피해가 심했고(59±15.4), 다음은 망고였으 며(35.5±12.1), 반면에 대추에서 가장 낮은 비율을 보였다(18.5±7.9).

공검지는 경북 상주시에 위치해 있는 저수지로써 2011년 국내에서는 최초로 논 습지 보호지역으로 지정되었다. 또한 역사적으로 매우 유서 깊은 저수지로 원삼국 시대에 만들어진 것으로 추정되며 의림지 및 벽골제와 더블어 조선시대 3대 저수 지로 알려져 있다. 이러한 역사적 중요성을 계승하고 보전하기 위해 공검지에 대한 지속적인 곤충상 연구를 실시하였다. 곤충상 확인을 위해서 곤충 채집 시기는 2014 년 3월, 6월, 9월로 총 3회 실시하였으며 채집은 Pitfall trap, Sweeping, Searching의 방법을 사용하였다. 본 연구 결과, 출현 종수는 3월 5목 18과 26속 28종, 6월 6목 42과 75속 81종, 9월 6목 37과 73속 78종이 조사되었다. 환경부 지정 특정종과 고유종은 3월 특정종 2 종, 6월 특정종 13종, 고유종 2종, 9월 특정종 10종, 고유종 10종이 조사되었다. 공 통되게 관찰된 목은 딱정벌레목, 노린재목, 파리목 및 벌목으로 나타났다. 각목별 종수는 딱정벌레목은 3월 17종, 6월 44종, 9월 37종이며 노린재목은 3월 5종, 6월 8 종, 9월 19종이며 파리목은 3월 2종, 6월 4종, 9월 4종이며 벌목은 3월 2종, 6월 7종, 9월 3종이 조사되었으며 채집 시기의 변화에 따라 조사된 목은 나비목과 잠자리목, 메뚜기목으로 나타났다. 각 목별 종수는 나비목은 3월 2종, 6월 2종이며 잠자리목 은 6월 14종, 9월 5종이며 메뚜기목은 9월 10종으로 조사되었다. 채집 시기별 계절 적 요인에 따라 3월과 비교하여 6월과 9월에 목과 종수가 증가하였다. 본 연구는 공검지에 나타나는 곤충의 종 및개체수를 확인하여 논습지 보호지역 의 보존 및 관리 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

The phylogenetic relationships of species and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae from Myanmar were inferred using mtDNA sequence data from 608 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 20 species in 10 genera were sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The base composition of COI sequences was 38.1% T, 15.6% C, 31.6% A, 14.7% G, revealing strong AT bias (69.7%). The sequence distance of 20 species of Nymphalinae ranged from 1.5% to 15.5%. The transition of nucleotide substitution was more common than transversion. The transition between T and C were higher than transition between A and G, and the transversion between A and T was the highest amongst other types of transversion. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and showed almost identical topologies. The results indicated that the tribes Junoniini and Nymphalini (sensu Wahlberg et al., 2005) formed monophyletic groups but Kallimini was not monophyletic group. Rhinoplapa polynice formed sister group to Junoniini clade with moderate support in both trees. The relationship of species in Junoniini was ((Junonia + Yoma) + Hypolimnas) and the relationship in Nymphalini was (Symbrenthia + (Vanessa + (Kaniska + Polygonia))). The clustering results were almost identical to current morphological classification.

This study was carried out to know some regional gene difference in carabid beetle, Coptolabrus jankowskii. There are eight subspecies in this species from Korea and it was too difficult to identify by morphological similarity. The mitochondrial ND5 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5) gene of Coptolabrus jankowskii from four regions of (Sangju, Daegu, Mt. Jumbong and Jeju island) was compared. The results showed the differences of the base sequence of total 57 sites and the amino acid variation of the 25 sites. The Neighbor-joining tree and Maximum parsimony tree were established based on sequence data of the ND5. In NJ tree, the Jeju area except Songdangri, and Mt. Jeombong region showed close relationship group. In the case of Maximum parsimony tree, the result divided to three separated group, the first connected group was Jeju Songdangri area and the other the Korean peninsula region except Mt. Jeombong. Others were Jeju area except Songdangri, and Mt. Jeombong region.

Pansies butterflies belong to the genus Junonia are widely distributed throughout Myanmar and 6 species of Junonia have been reported in Myanmar. Molecular comparison of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) nucleotide sequences among the species of Junonia was conducted. The nucleotides divergence of COI sequences between species were 2.9 to 7.9% and sequences identity was 92.5-97.7%. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by using Neighbour-joining (NJ) and Maximum likelihood (ML) methods. In both methods, phylogentic trees were showed identical and were revealed that all sequences of Junonia species from Myanmar were in the same cluster with those of the same species from other countries.

Being a country with diverse geophysical features and climate, Myanmar scores as one of the richest biological reservoirs in Asia. Myanmar has a rich diversity of flora and fauna, about 68 swallow tail butterflies represent 12% of the world total making it the fifth richest country in the world. Myanmar has a lot of protected areas such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and botanical gardens. Among them best to be observed for insects collection are Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in Sagaing region, Popa Mountain National Park in Mandalay, Mount Victoria National Park and Nat Ma Taung in Chin state. Forest and vegetation types, wildlife, location and access to these parks were presented.

The experiments were conducted from April, 2010 to July, 2011 to explore the species richness of fruit fly and to observe the incidence of Bactrocera species by using Methyl Eugenol trap. In the first experiment, 11 species such as Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. dorsali, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae, B. correcta and Carpomya pardalina were recorded. All species except Carpomya pardalina were observed in mango. Eight species in guava and five species in jujube were recorded. Bactrocera dorsalis was found to be the most abundant in mango and guava, and B. correcta in jujube. During the second experimental period, the experimental area can be recorded as an infested area because index of fruit fly population captured in traps, FTD (flies/trap/day), was seven. The highest population (437 flies/trap/week) was observed on May 26 in mango orchard. The number of fruit flies was observed to be significant positive correlation with weekly rainfall (R2 = 0.67 in mango, R2 = 0. 34 in guava and R2 = 0.43 in jujube) and relative humidity (R2 = 0.65 in mango), and negative correlation with mean temperature (R2 = 0.72 in mango) and sunshine hour (R2 = 0.61 in mango and R2 = 0.33 in jujube).