Wearable thermoelectric devices offer a transformative approach to energy harvesting, providing sustainable solutions for powering next-generation technologies. In pursuit of efficient, flexible, biocompatible, and cost-effective thermoelectric materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) has emerged as a distinctive candidate due to its unique combination of favorable properties. This study explores the growth and optimization of ZnO nanorods on conductive carbon fabric (CF) using a simple microwave-assisted solvothermal technique. This method circumvents traditional complex processes that typically involve high temperatures or lengthy growth times, offering advantages such as rapid, uniform, and controllable volumetric heating. By systematically varying growth parameters, including microwave power and reaction time, we established conditions that promote the vertical alignment of ZnO nanorods, essential for enhancing thermoelectric performance. Structural and morphological analyses highlight the pivotal influence of the seed layer and growth parameters in achieving dense, uniform growth of ZnO nanorods. Interestingly, at higher microwave power levels, a transformation from nanorod structures to sheetlike morphologies was observed, likely due to Ostwald ripening, where larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones. The optimized growth conditions for achieving superior growth and thermoelectric performance were identified as 15 min of growth at 100 W microwave power. Under these conditions, ZnO nanorods exhibited enhanced crystallinity and a higher growth rate, contributing to an improved thermoelectric power factor of 777 nW/mK2 at 373 K. This work underscores the importance of precise parameter control in tailoring ZnO nanostructures for wearable thermoelectric applications and demonstrates the potential of scalable, low-cost methods to achieve high-performance energy-harvesting materials.

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight is a weedy green manure plant of the family Fabaceae. The legume plants play a major role in nitrogen fixation and soil fertility while biochar plays a significant role in environmental remediation. The present study has aimed to convert S. bispinosa in combination with cow dung (1:1, v/v) into enriched vermicompost through the amendment of different concentrations of activated Prosopis wood biochar. Totally 10 treatments were maintained: VSB1- VSB5 and SB1-SB5 with and without earthworms, respectively. The treatments were maintained under controlled environmental conditions in triplicate till 28 days. The initial and final samples of the treatments with and without earthworms were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, FTIR analysis and phytotoxicity assay. The pH, total organic carbon, C/N ratio and C/P ratio showed a declining trend while the nutrients, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sodium contents displayed increment towards the progression of vermicomposting. A total nitrogen content of 2.78% was recorded in vermicompost amended with 3% biochar followed by 2.61% in 2% biochar amendment. The functional group changes from initial substrates to final vermicompost inferred through FTIR analysis denote the decomposition of complex organic materials into simple forms. The lowest C/N ratio (19.06) with a higher germination index (102.85%) of Vigna mungo (black gram) seeds were observed in the vermicompost of S. bispinosa + cow dung substrates amended with 3% biochar within a very short period of time (28 days). Hence, the use of biochar at a 3% level is recommended for the vermiconversion of green manure biomass to obtain nutrient-amplified vermicompost. It is also beneficial to use 2% biochar in vermicomposting, however, 3% biochar amendment is highly beneficial and a better choice from a vermicompost quality perspective.

The focus of this study is to develop and employ a barium hexaferrite/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite, abbreviated as BaFe/gCN NC, for photocatalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) under visible light illumination. Barium hexaferrite and graphitic carbon nitride were prepared using sol–gel and thermal polymerization methods to achieve an even distribution and good contact at the interface. The nanocomposite was then prepared through the sonication method. The properties of synthesized materials were confirmed by the examination of their physicochemical properties. By employing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the structure analysis of the synthesized materials provided a hexagonal form. It was also observed that the band gap of this composite was estimated to be 2.7 eV using UV–visible spectroscopy analysis. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the vibrational modes along with the chemical structure and bonding present in the samples. The characteristics of BaFe/gCN nanocomposite reveal that the hexagonal grain boundary is probably distributed all over the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets, as observed from high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). It was confirmed from the XPS analysis that the elements and chemical states of BaFe/gCN NCs are present in the form of Ba 3d, Fe 2p, O 1s, N 1s, and C 1s. Finally, 50 mg of the produced material is degraded with the help of BaFe/gCN photocatalyst, removing 90% of CR dye at 10 mg/L initial dye concentration in 150 min. Moreover, the removal ability for CR by BaFe/gCN NC was maintained more than 88% during three test cycles. As a result of increased light absorption properties of BaFe/gCN and the prevention of electron and hole recombination, active oxygen species were produced, and hence the photocatalytic activity increases.

인도 영어 문학의 영역에서는 대개 나이든 세대가 높은 존경을 받는 반면, 특히 아동기를 포함한 젊은 세대의 경험은 주변화되는 경향이 있다. 그러나 아동 기는 한 개인의 성격 형성에 있어 결정적인 시기로, 성인기의 삶에도 지대한 영향을 미친다. 인도 사회에서는 성별에 따른 편견이 뚜렷하게 나타나며, 일반적으로 남자아 이가 더 많은 관심과 특권을 누리는 반면 여자아이는 어린 시절부터 방임과 차별에 직면하곤 한다. 심리학자들은 아동기의 초기 경험과 이를 둘러싼 환경이 인격과 행동 형성에 결정적인 역할을 한다는 점을 지속적으로 강조해 왔다. 이러한 맥락에서 샤시 데시판데의 문학 작품은 여자아이들이 겪는 장애와 어려움을 심층적으로 조명한다. 그 녀의 소설은 사회와 가족 내의 남아 선호가 여자아이들에게 미치는 고통스러운 현실 을 드러내며, 이로 인해 유년기에 형성되는 깊은 성차별의 뿌리를 반영한다. 본 논문 은 데시판데의 선정된 소설들을 통해 여자아이들이 겪는 성차별이 자존감 형성과 성 인기 정체성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 탐구하며, 아동기 방임과 성별에 따른 차별적 대우가 남기는 지속적인 결과를 부각시킨다.

본 논문은 칼 융이 정의한 원형의 개념이 인도 영어 소설에서 여성의 경험을 어떻게 형상화하는지를 탐구한다. 샤시 데슈판데의 􋺷뿌리와 그림자􋺸와 아니타 나이르의 􋺷레이디스 쿠페􋺸를 중심으로, 처녀상, 어머니상, 그림자, 새로운 여성 등의 원형적 이미지가 여성 인물들의 갈등, 성장, 자아 인식을 어떻게 표현하는지를 분석한 다. 두 작가는 모두 가부장적 사회에서 여성이 마주하는 도전을 강조하지만, 그 주인 공들이 이에 대응하는 방식은 다르다. 데슈판데의 인물들은 전통적 역할 속에서 자아 를 찾으려는 반면, 나이르의 여성들은 독립을 선언하는 과감한 선택을 감행한다. 이 두 작품은 여성의 삶에서 반복적으로 나타나는 패턴과 정체성 및 자율성에 대한 지속 적인 탐색을 이해하는 데 있어 원형이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 드러낸다.

The use of aluminum-based hybrid metal matrix composite (HMMC) materials, especially in engine components like pistons, is intended to improve wear resistance and overall performance. Crucial tribological indicators, such as wear and friction coefficients, underscore the significance of these materials. However, present aluminum alloys have limited wear because of clustered reinforced particles and relatively high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), resulting in inadequate anti-seizure properties during dry sliding conditions. This research introduces a novel “Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite of Al7068 Reinforced with Fly Ash-SiC-Al2O3”. Al7068 is employed for its superior strength-to-weight ratio and specific modulus, which is ideal for components exposed to cyclic loads and varying temperatures. The integration of fly Ash (FA), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3) as reinforcements enhances wear resistance, diminishes particle clustering, improves stiffness, mitigates CTE discrepancies, and fortifies the composite against strain and corrosion, thereby enhancing its overall performance. The Stir-casting method was used with optimized reinforcement percentages (10 % total), and comprehensive evaluations through wear tests and mechanical property analyses determined the composite's optimal composition. The proposed HMMC variant with the most suitable reinforcement percentage exhibited enhanced engine piston functionality, reduced wear, low deformation of 0.20 mm, and a comparatively higher ultimate tensile strength of 190 megapascals (Mpa).

We investigated three fan-shaped jets observed above sunspot light bridges or nearby sunspot regions. The study aimed to explore the dynamics and physical properties of jets’ features that appear as blob-like structures at the tips of the jets, which we call ‘dark blobs’. A transparent region is observed beneath the dark blobs, creating a visible gap between the dark blobs and the trailing body of the jets. These phenomena were studied in chromospheric and transition region imaging and spectral high-resolution co-observations from the Visible Imaging Spectrometer of the Goode Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), together with data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We analyzed the jets’ morphology and fine structure. We obtained the spatial scale and the dynamics of the dark blobs that are seen mostly in the wings of the Hα line and have a cross-section of about 0.2′′–0.3′′. The dark blobs and the transparent regions are seen bright (in emission) in the IRIS slit-jaw 1330 Å, 1400 Å, and AIA 304 Å images. The IRIS Si iv 1394 Å spectrum of the brightenings showed blue-shifted emission of about 16 km s−1 with non-thermal velocities of up to 40 km s−1. We also estimated the electron density of the blue-shifted brightenings to be 1012.1±0.2 cm−3. Our findings likely suggest that we detect the observational signatures of shock waves that generate and/or contribute to the evolution of fan-shaped jets.

The Challan instrument is a solar full-disk imaging spectroscopic telescope planned to be installed at three sites with a 120-degree longitudinal difference, enabling continuous 24-hour observations of the Sun. It will take data every 2.5 min with a spatial resolution of 2–3′′ and a spectral resolving power (R) of >43,000 in Hα and Ca ii 8542 Å bands simultaneously. Challan is composed of two modules, each dedicated to a specific waveband. This modular design is beneficial in minimizing the scattered light and simplifying the structure and engineering. The primary scientific goal of Challan is to investigate solar flares and filament eruptions. It is also expected to detect small-scale events in the solar chromosphere. In 2025, Challan will be installed at the Big Bear Solar Observatory for test observational runs, followed by scientific runs in 2026.

Inspired by the recycling approach of electronic waste, within this research paper, we extracted exhausted materials from spent primary zinc batteries and then annealed them in a modified condition, forming a ZnMn2O4/ C composite with a uniform nanoparticles’ porous morphology. The produced material has been examined as a supercapacitor active one, which showed promising electrochemical properties for supercapacitor application. At a current density of 3 A g− 1, it exerted a comparatively significant capacitance of 1696.88 F g− 1 along with a capacity of 807 C g− 1. Furthermore, the fabrication of a flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor prototype has been accomplished. It exhibited promising initial results that carried a specific energy of 76.75 Wh kg− 1 at a specific power of 333.86 W kg− 1. After 3000 cycles, it maintained an acceptable capacity. Thus, this eco-friendly approach can successfully convert the spent battery material to new value-added materials for supercapacitors in the clean energy area.

The prime objective of this computational study was to develop a highly accurate potential for the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This potential was generated using ab initio MD (AIMD) simulations based on density functional theory (DFT). Subsequently, we constructed machine-learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs) based on moment tensor potential (MTP) descriptors using AIMD trajectories as training data. The performance of the developed MLIPs was evaluated by conducting the MD simulations of the stress–strain responses of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and defected SWCNTs (D-SWCNTs) under tensile loading. Furthermore, this work includes extensive MLIP-based MD simulations to examine the influence of diameter and chirality, temperature, and defect concentration on the fracture characteristics and Young’s modulus of SWCNTs. The findings demonstrate the computational reliability and transferability of the MLIPs in predicting the mechanical properties of SWCNTs through MD simulations performed over a temperature range of 1 K to 2000 K. The observed stiffnesses correspond to Young’s modulus ranging from 1.61–0.53 TPa with a mean value of 0.936 TPa for different SWCNTs with diameters ranging from 1.1–2.89 nm and temperatures spanning from 1 to 2000 K, exhibiting a noticeable dependence on chirality.

Mesoporous carbon microspheres (CMs) have recently received much attention by virtue of their large pore size; open framework structure, high surface area, and idiosyncratic spherical nature, which contribute to chemical stability and electrical and thermal conductivity. The inherent difficulties of these materials can be reduced by surface modification techniques, resulting in a new system with ameliorated properties. Like other carbonaceous materials, CMs also have the upper hand in controlling composites’ physicochemical and morphological behaviours because of their carefully controlled size, thickness, surface properties, etc. We can explore the possibilities of these properties by fabricating supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, separation membranes, etc. The key focus of our review is to summarise the various synthetic protocols adopted for composite preparation, the difficulties, and the advantages of the method. In addition, we have tried to incorporate multiple applications and future perspectives of CM-based composites.

본 논문은 인도 영어극에서 가장 중요한 목소리 중 하나인 아시프 쿠림 보이의 선택된 희곡들에 나타난 식민주의의 주제와 재현 방식을 고찰한다. 쿠림보이의 희곡들은 식민주의의 개념과 그 다양한 양상을 드러내며, 자본주의가 독립 이후 인도 사회 전반에 미친 영향을 바탕으로 식민주의의 비인간화 행위를 지적한다. 그의 희곡들은 학문적 연구의 대상으로 다루어졌으며, 일부는 지역어로 번역되기도 하였다. 쿠 림보이의 작품은 역사와 정치 등 폭넓은 주제를 포괄하고 있으며, 인종, 계급, 젠더와 같은 문제들이 많은 작품에서 부각되지만 이에 대한 심층적인 논의는 아직 부족하다. 그는 시대의 중대한 문제들에 대한 지속적인 관심을 통해 삶에 대한 독자적인 시각을 형성하며, 동시대적 주제에 대한 뚜렷한 입장을 가진 독특한 극작가로 평가된다. 또한 그는 현대 사회의 비참한 현실을 가감 없이 드러내는 데 주력한다.

인도 연극의 선구자인 비제이 텐둘카르는 인도 연극을 전통적 뿌리에서 현대적이고 혼종적인 형태로 탈바꿈시키는 데 중추적인 역할을 하였다. 본 논문은 텐 둘카르의 작품이 어떻게 토착 문화 요소와 서구 모더니즘의 영향을 결합하며 인도 연 극의 진화를 반영하는지를 탐구한다. 산스크리트 희곡과 마하바라타, 라마야나와 같은 서사에 뿌리를 둔 전통 인도 연극은 도덕적 이분법과 사회 규범에 중점을 두었다. 그 러나 탈식민 시대의 인도 영어 연극, 특히 텐둘카르의 작품은 도시 중산층이 직면한 현대 사회 정치적 문제들을 다루는 방향으로 전환되었다. 텐둘카르의 􋺷정숙! 재판이 진행 중이다􋺸는 가부장제, 성 역할, 사회적 위선과 같은 주제를 조명하며 그 전환을 대표하는 사례 연구로 제시된다. 이 희곡은 모의 재판이라는 개념을 통해 사회적 불의 와 여성 억압을 비판하며, 현대 인도 사회의 보다 넓은 투쟁을 상징한다. 텐둘카르의 인도주의적 접근은 기존의 규범에 도전하며 진정성, 성실성, 새로운 도덕 질서를 옹호 한다. 그의 심리적, 실존적, 여성주의적 문제에 대한 집중은 현대 삶의 분열성을 부각 시킨다. 본 논문은 텐둘카르만의 독특한 시각을 분석함으로써, 인도 연극이 사회 비판 과 문화적 혼종성의 장으로 진화한 과정을 보여준다.