This study investigated chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) residues in milk of intramuscularly dosed dairy cows and established the withdrawal time (WT) of CPM in milk. Sixteen healthy Holstein cows were injected with 10 (CPM-1) and 20 mL (CPM-2) of the drug containing 4 mg/mL of CPM, respectively. After administration of CPM, milk samples were collected from all cows at 12 hour intervals for 5 days. CPM residue concentrations in milk were determined using LC-MS/MS. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9956, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 98.5-115.0%, and coefficient of variations were less than 10.96%. After treatment, CPM in CPM-1 and CPM-2 was detected below the LOQ in all milk samples at 12 hours. According to the European Medicines Agency’s guideline on determination of withdrawal periods for milk, withdrawal periods of both CPM-1 and CPM-2 in milk were established to 12 hours. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detection of CPM in milk, and the estimated WT of CPM in bovine milk will contribute to ensuring the safety of milk.

Stroke is a health problem experienced by many elderly people around the world. Stroke has a devastating effect on quality of life, causing death or disability. Hemiplegia is clearly an early sign of a stroke and can be detected through patterns of body balance and gait. The goal of this study was to determine various feature vectors of foot pressure and gait parameters of patients with stroke through the use of a wearable sensor and to compare the gait parameters with those of healthy elderly people. To monitor the participants at all times, we used a simple measuring device rather than a medical device. We measured gait data of 220 healthy people older than 65 years of age and of 63 elderly patients who had experienced stroke less than 6 months earlier. The center of pressure and the acceleration during standing and gait-related tasks were recorded by a wearable insole sensor worn by the participants. Both the average acceleration and the maximum acceleration were significantly higher in the healthy participants (p < .01) than in the patients with stroke. Thus gait parameters are helpful for determining whether they are patients with stroke or normal elderly people.

Frankliniella occidentalis is a notorious polyphagous crop pest causing tremendous economic loss. It damages flowers and leaves of host plants and also carries severe plant viruses. During last few decades, it has spread to all continents via transport of plant materials. Following extensive use of insecticides to control F. occidentalis, it has developed high level of resistance due to its short life cycle and high reproductive potential. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi)-based bioassay system was developed to find an alternative control measure for insecticide-resistant population of F. occidentalis. A variety of genes involved in various physiological mechanisms were selected for the test of dsRNA potency (tubulin, v-ATPase, amylase, aquaporin etc.). Each bioassay unit made by 3D printing has a leaf disc placed on 150 ㎕ of 50 ng/ul dsRNA solution and 20 thrips. The mortality was checked, and the dsRNA and leaf disc were replaced every 24 h for 72 h. Of the 20 genes tesetd, tubulin, v-ATPase, and aquaporin showed 31, 38, 38 and 45% of corrected mortality at 72 h post-treatment, respectively. This result suggests the potential of these genes as candidate lethal genes for RNAi-based F. occidentalis control system.

Recently, the existence of non-neuronal, soluble AChEs with non-classical functions, such as stress response and chemical defense, has been reported in both vertebrates and invertebrates. With this in mind, it is intriguing to hypothesize that fat body is a main tissue to express non-neuronal AChE at least in some insects. As an initial step for the systematic approach to investigate the distribution of non-neuronal AChEs in insect fat body and to elucidate their physiological functions, we have selected 12 different insect species across different orders and isolated fat body tissues from them. Then, the presence or absence of AChE and its solubility nature were determined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with western blot analysis insect-specific AChE1 and 2 antibodies. Among 12 insects examined, soluble AChE1 was determined to be expressed in fat bodies of insects involving honey bees, brown plant hoppers, dynastid beetles, lice, etc, AChE2 in fruit flies, bed bugs, mealworm beetles. However, no AChE was detected in fat bodies of the remaining two species American cockroaches and dragonflies Our findings clearly show that AChE is widely distributed in the fat body tissue of diverse insect species. More extensive investigation on in a wider variety of insect species would be necessary to deduce the evolutionary origin of fat body-specific AChE, which would be the ancestor of AChE with non-neuronal function.

Cryopreservation of miniature pig sperm is essential because of high demand of organ transplant in mass production. However, miniature pig sperm are vulnerable to oxidative stress more than other mammals. Erythritol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol with powerful antioxidant property. Thus, the aim of our study is to verify if erythritol could reduce lipid peroxide and enhance viability of frozen thawed miniature pig sperm. Ejaculated semen samples were frozen with cryoprotectant subjected to erythritol treatment (0, 10, 100, 500 mM). After frozen thawed, spematozoa viability were examined using the computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. The product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified using spectrophotometer with DPPH and ABTS assays as ROS scavenger markers. Our result showed that erythritol enhanced sperm viability (p<0.05), reduced lipid peroxides significantly (p<0.05), proving the concentration of 100 mM erythritol to be an effective for lowing oxidative damage. Data from our study suggest that erythritol exhibits significant lipid peroxidation scavenging characteristics which may prevent oxidative damage, enhance viability of frozen thawed sperm and thus could be a effective additive as cryoprotectant.