Chrysanthemum flower model trap developed by modifying an artificial yellow chrysanthemum flower was reported to be more attractive to flower thrips than a commercial yellow sticky trap. The installation of the traps (20 traps per 50 m2 plot), especially, reduced the seasonal populations of Frankliniella intonsa Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on strawberry flowers in greenhouse by 82% compared to the untreated control. In this study, we tested if the installation of the flower model traps can reduce thrips population on a red pepper field located in Seokdong, Andong. The pepper field was treated two times with pesticides during the period of experiment. The traps were installed in plant canopy at different densities (0, 5, 10, 20 traps) in 20 plots (3×5 m2 each) using a completely randomized design. Population of thrips was examined on the collected pepper flowers from 1 July to 29 July in 2009. Thrips found on the flowers were all F. intonsa. Significance effect of treatment and sampling date was found from repeated-measure analysis of variance. The highest density of traps significantly reduced female and male F. intonsa population by 60% and 46% compared to the control, respectively. However, no difference in immature population was found among the treatments. These results indicate flower model trap can be an additional tool for the management of flower thrips on field red pepper.

Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) causes losses in several crops in Korea. Release of non-viable refrigerated eggs of R. pedestris is known to enhance natural parasitism by Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in soybean fields. In this study, we conducted an experiment of cage-exclusion design to verify the former results in more manipulative approach in a soybean field. Agakong field (45×26 m2) located at Songcheon, Andong was divided into 15 plots (10×6 m2) with each experimental arena of 3×2 m2 in the center. There were three treatments: (1) release of refrigerated eggs of R. pedestris, (2) release of refrigerated eggs with one time spray of thiamethoxam, and (3) untreated control. A fine mesh cloth with iron poles was used to encircle the arenas. Refrigerated eggs of R. pedestris were released (100/arena) twice before sampling. One-day old eggs of R. pedestris were released (60/arena) in all the experimental arenas at an interval of 6 days, and 30 eggs from each were collected to record parasitism. We found no significant difference in the eggs and nymphs population of R. pedestris among the treatments. However, adult density was significantly reduced in the treated plots during final two sampling days compared to the control. We found significantly higher parasitism by G. japonicum on the eggs collected from treated plots (9-25%) compared to the control plots (1-9%). It is verified that releasing non-viable eggs of R. pedestris help to enhance natural parasitism in soybean field.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hemiptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are two important egg parasitoids of soybean stink bug Riptortus clavatus, one of the most serious pests in Korea. On the verge of increasing severity of R. clavatus damage in other crops, now it is important to know temporal distribution of R. clavatus and its parasitoids throughout cultivation season of various crops. Seasonal occurrence of R. clavatus and its egg parasitoids is well studied in soybean. However, occurrence of spring populations has not been fully investigated. Therefore we placed pheromone trap with refrigerated eggs in barley and early soybean fields to record occurrence of both R. clavatus and its’ egg parasitism rate in 2008. Number of R. clavatus attracted in the trap was recorded every week, and host eggs collected same time were brought into laboratory for investigation of parasitism. R. clavatus was found to exist in barley on the first day of trap installation, i.e., May 11th. Number of R. clavatus reached highest level after mid July. Only G. japonicum emerged from the eggs collected from barley field whereas O. nezarae was dominant species emerged from the host eggs collected from soybean field. We found that not only R. clavatus infestation but parasitoid occurrence begins in early spring barley field.

Gryon japonicum (Ashmead), an egg parasitoid of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) is an economically important pest of various crops. As a conservational biological control, non-viable refrigerated eggs of R. clavatus were released to enhance parasitism by the parasitoid in soybean field. Since fenitrothion is an insecticide broadly used against R. clavatus, we investigated the effect of fenitrothion on the parasitization of refrigerated host eggs by G. japonicum. The acute toxicity of fenitrothion was compared with seven pesticides by topical application, exposure to residue, and oral ingestion. Fenitrothion, spinosad, cyfluthrin, carbosulfan and thiamithoxam caused 100% mortality within 24 hours by topical application. Fenitrothion was also highly toxic to G. japonicum when ingested orally. In sublethal effects of fenitrothion on G. japonicum in refrigerated and fresh host eggs, adult emergence of G. japonicum decreased by 12% and 34%, respectively, compared to control when the fenitrothion was applied on 8th day after parasitization. Parasitism on refrigerated eggs after a day of fenitrothion spray was higher as compared to the fresh eggs. However, parasitism on both refrigerated and fresh eggs significantly reduced when the parasitoids were provided with the fenitrothion sprayed eggs after an hour. In conclusion, there is no negative effect of fenitrothion on the parasitization by G. japonicum.

To understand microhabitat distribution of insect pest is important for developing timely management tactics. We investigated within plant distribution of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae) eggs and its’ parasitism by egg parasitoids such as Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in soybean fields. Sampling was carried out to determine the most preferred oviposition site (upper leaf surface, under leaf surface, pod and stem) in different varieties of soybean (Daewon, Cheongja, Taegwang, Daepung, Seomoktae, Seoritae) in Andong, 2007 and 2008. Parasitism was recorded only in 2008. In seasonal total, proportion of R. clavatus eggs deposited within soybean plant was significantly higher on under leaf surface (70-97%) followed by upper leaf surface, pod, and stem (2-29%, 0-8% and 0-2%, respectively) depending on varieties of soybean. In seasonal total, parasitism rate by O. nezarae was significantly higher on the eggs collected from under leaf surface (61%) followed by eggs collected from upper surface of the leaves (43%), pods (7%) and stem (33%). In conclusion, R. clavatus prefer upper leaf surface the most as a oviposition substrate in soybean, and highest parasitism by O. nezarae on the host eggs was also found on upper leaf surface.

Chrysanthemum flower model trap (CFMT) developed to attract the flower thrips was evaluated for its optimal trap density that is required to manage the population of flower thrips in a strawberry greenhouse. CFMTs were installed in different rates per unit area (10m×5m), i.e., control (no trap), low (5 traps), medium (10 traps), and high (20 traps), in three different strawberry greenhouses at Namhoo, Andong. From each plot, 10 flowers were sampled every week from 16 May 2008 to 6 June 2008. Five traps were also randomly collected from each plot every week to record the number of flower thrips trapped. The seasonal number of both female and male thrips collected in the flowers was significantly lower in the plots with high density of traps compared to the control. In the plot with medium level of traps, less seasonal number of male F. intonsa were found in the strawberry flowers compared to the plot with low level of traps or control. When the numbers of thrips in the flowers were plotted against the numbers of thrips trapped in the CFMTs, significant correlation was found in female thrips only. However, there was no significant difference in seasonal number of male and female thrips trapped in the CFMTs randomly collected from the plots among the treatments. In conclusion CFMT used in medium or high density in the strawberry greenhouse reduced infestation of F. intonsa in the flowers and can be a good addition to integrated pest management tactics against anthophilous thrips.

Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is economically important pest of various crops causing damage through direct feeding and transmitting tospoviruses. In a previous study differential responses of the thrips to various geometrical patterns of yellow sticky card were found. Therefore, in this study, we compared the behavioral responses of the thrips to visual and olfactory cues in cylindrical black box and Y-tube olfactometer, respectively. Multiple or pair wise choice tests were carried out among/between six geometrical patterns of yellow color paper and artificial flowers. The thrips preferred circular shape to other geometrical patterns in multiple choice test. In pair wise choice test between three geometrical patterns, i.e., circular, rectangle, and modified circular, and artificial strawberry flowers, the thrips showed preference to the yellow artificial flower than any other cues. The thrips resided on the yellow artificial flower almost 4 times more than other patterns. In Y-tube olfactometer test, higher number of the thrips chose the arm with p-anisaldehyde and artificial flower compared to the arm with only the artificial flower. Higher number of the thrips also chose the arm containing both visual and real flower odor as compared to arm with the only real flower odor. The potentials and application of these results in the development of attraction traps for the thrips management have been discussed.

Trissolcus nigripedius Nakagawa and Telenomus gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are solitary egg parasitoids of Dolycoris baccarum L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a polyphagous seed-sucking bug of agricultural crops. Field examinations revealed that the two parasitoids are the most common species, but only a single species emerge from a host egg mass. To explain this observation we tested two hypotheses of interspecific host discrimination and asymmetry in competitive interaction between the two parasitoids. When provided with host eggs pre-parasitized by each other, both Tr. nigripedius and Te. gifuensis parasitized 94 and 100% of the host eggs without interspecific host discrimination, respectively. Interestingly, from the multiparasitized eggs irrespective of oviposition sequence, progeny of Te. gifuensis always survive better than Tr. nigripedius. Te. gifuensis is superior in immature competition probably due to shorter egg incubation period, hence progeny of Te. gifuensis become first instar faster than that of Tr. nigripedius. However, adult Tr. nigripedius is always superior competitor in possessing and guarding the host eggs even after oviposition against Te. gifuensis. Therefore, the asymmetry in competitive interaction between Tr. nigripedius and Te. gifuensis may explain the emergence of a single species from a host egg mass in the field in spite of no interspecific host discrimination.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a gregarious egg parasitoid of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and also attack three other stink bugs in soybean fields. In a previous study the refrigerated R. clavatus eggs were supplemented in soybean fields and found to enhance the parasitism by Gryon japonicum (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a sympatric solitary parasitoid of R. clavatus, but not by O. nezarae. Therefore, the R. clavatus eggs refrigerated for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days were evaluated for the parasitization by O. nezarae in the laboratory. The number of parasitized host eggs, number of adult parasitoids emerged, immature mortality, sex ratio, development time, adult longevity, and size of the parasitoids were examined for the parasitoids exposed to or emerged from the refrigerated host eggs. All the attributes examined were not affected by the refrigeration of host eggs for up to 60 days. In addition, refrigeration did not change the reproduction capacity of the emerged adult parasitoids nor the biological attributes of their offsprings. In the evaluation of post-refrigeration period of the host eggs, O. nezarae parasitized the eggs successfully for the first 4 days after the refrigeration at 26.3ºC and 78.7% RH conditions. Since O. nezarae can parasitize the eggs of R. clavatus that were refrigerated up to 60 days, the underlying reason for the no-change in parasitism by O. nezarae in the field supplemented with refrigerated host eggs is in further investigation.

Background: Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious problem in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which disrupts insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of LBO-1 mixture. Methods and Results: To evaluate antioxidant effect of LBO-1 mixture, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were performed. LBO-1 mixture scavenged DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenolic contents of LBO-1 mixture was determined by a regression equation using a calibration curve by gallic acid equivalents. The obtained total phenolic contents were 65.90 ± 0.52 ㎎/g. Phenolic components of plant extracts that can scavenge free radicals. In addition, we evaluated effects of LBO-1 mixture on glucose production in high glucose-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. LBO-1 mixture decreased glucose levels in cultured medium and it down regulated Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels which is an enzyme used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: These results indicate that the LBO-1 mixture can be used as hypoglycemic agent.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) has been prepared directly to avoid the reduction process prior to the H2 production from the high temperature water gas shift reaction of the simulated waste derived synthesis gas. Citric acid has been employed as a complexing agent for the direct synthesis of magnetite. Notably, without the reduction process, the catalyst prepared at the citric acid molar ratio of 1.0 showed 80% CO conversion at 350℃ at a gas hourly space velocity of 40,057 h-1.

A new Asiatic lily cultivar “Fantasia” was derived from a cross between “Gran-paradiso” and line “No. 96-13” made in 1997. The cultivar was selected mainly for cut flower. “Gran-paradiso” is a orange red cultivar, while “No. 96-13” is a red-purple colored hybrid line. The selection and the survey for the flower characteristics were conducted from 1998 to 2005 in vinyl tunnels and greenhouses of National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering date of “Fantasia” is July 22. The flower has no fragrance and its medium sized flower is 13.4 cm in width. The orange (O28A) colored petals have no spots. The bulb weight of “Fantasia” is about 68 g and its bulb size is about 18.6 cm in circumference.

A new Asiatic lily cultivar “Dajeong” was derived from a cross between “Prato” and “Positano” made in 1997. The cultivar was selected mainly for cut flower. Both “Prato” and “Positano” are well known for their flower color of orange red and yellow, respectively. The selection and the survey for the flower characteristics were conducted from 1998 to 2005 in vinyl tunnels and greenhouses of National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering date of “Dajeong” is July 23. The flower has no fragrance and its medium sized flower is 12.0 cm in width. The medium orange and yellow (ON25 + YO23B) colored petals have no spot. The bulb weight of “Dajeong” is about 55.4 g and its bulb size is about 16.4 cm in circumference.

“Miso”, A new Asiatic lily cultivar was derived from a cross between “Kinks” and a line “A61” made in 1997. Both “Kinks” and “A61” are yellow flower cultivars, while “A61” is a hybrid line. The cultivar was selected mainly for cut flower. The selection and the survey for the flower characteristics were conducted from 1998 to 2005 in vinyl tunnels and greenhouses of National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering date of “Miso” is July 26. The flower has no fragrance and its medium sized flower is 13.7 cm in width. The yellow (Y9A) petal have no spot. The bulb weight of “Miso” is about 42 g and its bulb size is about 15 cm in circumference.

“Greenstar”, a new Saxifraga cultivar was bred by crossing between “Geumgongjak” with green (YG145C) petals and “Rokseon” with red purple (RP62A) petals in 2003. The selection and flower characterization were conducted from 2003 to 2006 in greenhouses of the National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering of “Greenstar” starts on September 17 for 36 days and the number of flowers per plant was about 290. The flower color is a green (G142C) and the number of petals was 5. Flower width is 2.1 cm and flower length is 1.9 cm. “Greenstar” can be used for pot flower. Fifty percent shading is a good cultural practice against direct sunlight and soft rot disease would occur usually by over-irrigation.

A new Saxifraga cultivar “Snowmaple” was bred by crossing between “Jeokhoamugab” with red purple (RP68B) petals and “Hongsaja” with red purple (RPN66A) petals. The selection and flower characterization were conducted from 2004 to 2006 in greenhouse of the National Institute of Highland Agriculture. The flowering of “Snowmaple” starts on October 9 for 16 days, The number of flowers per plant was 315 with strong concurrent flowering habit. The flower shows red purple (RP62C) at opening, but It turns gradually changable from red purple to white. The flower has 5 petals, and the size is 2.0 cm in width and 2.3 cm in length. “Snowmaple” can be used for pot flower. Fifty percent shading is a good cultural practice against direct sunlight and soft rot disease would occurs usually by over-irrigation.