Processed cheese is manufactured by mixing natural cheeses with emulsifying salts and other ingredients and heating under agitation to produce a homogeneous product. Processed cheese, processed cheese food, and processed cheese spread are classified in the US standards for processed cheese. The functional properties of processed cheese, such as firmness and meltability, are regarded as a quality indicator assessing overall cheese quality and consumer preference. Various analytical methods have been developed to determine the functional properties of processed cheese. In this review, the classification and functional properties of processed cheeses are described and analytical tools for evaluating the functional properties of processed cheese are discussed.

본 연구에서는 피사체의 깊이와 깊이 표현의 상세레벨(detail level)을 각기 다르게 조정한 깊이맵을 이용하여 2D-to-3D 입체변환을 수행하고, 변환된 입체 이미지를 기반으로 시청자 평가 실험을 진행하여 피사체의 절대적 깊이 변화와 배경간의 깊이 차이에 따라 깊이맵의 상세레벨이 깊이감, 볼륨감, 불편감에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 주객체의 깊이는 3 레벨로 조정하였고, 또한, 주객체와 배경과의 상대적 깊이 차이도 하나의 독립변인으로 분석하기 위하여 3 레벨로 조정하였다. 깊이맵의 깊이 표현의 상세레벨을 다시 3레벨로 나누어, 이들 조건을 만족하는 18개의 깊이맵을 정의하고 이를 기반으로 실험을 위한 입체영상을 생성하였다. 18개의 입체영상을 실험참가자에게 보여 주고 설문을 통하여 각 영상별로 실험자들이 느끼는 주관적 입체감, 볼륨감, 불편감을 조사하였다. 그 결과 주 피사체의 절대적 위치와 피사체-배경간의 상대적 거리차이가 달라짐에 따라 깊이맵의 상세도가 깊이감, 볼륨감, 불편감에 미치는 영향력이 달라지는 결과를 얻었다. 단색 깊이맵의 경우는 주객체의 절대적 깊이위치에 상관없이 전반적으로 볼륨감을 크게 훼손하고, 스크린의 안쪽에 객체가 위치하는 경우, 다른 상세레벨의 깊이맵에 비해 깊이감도 크게 저하시키는 효과를 보이기 때문에 주객체의 절대적 위치와 상관없이 사용을 피하는 것이 바람직 한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 세밀한 깊이맵과 간략한 깊이맵을 적용하였을 때 실험자가 입체감을 크게 다르게 느끼지 못하는 것으로 나타남에 따라 입체변환시 모든 장면에 너무 과도하게 상세한 깊이맵을 구성할 필요가 없는 것으로 분석되었다.

Cheese is regarded as a viscoelastic food material. Textural properties of cheese play an important role in overall quality and consumer preference. Textural properties of cheese can be analyzed by rheological analysis and sensory evaluation analysis. Instrumental mechanical methods can provide the measurement of rheological properties of cheeses affecting physical properties, such as cracks, firmness, fracture, and production of eyes in cheeses. Descriptive sensory analysis with well-defined sensory descriptive words is a powerful tool to identify and quantify the key sensory properties of cheeses. In this article, major analytical methods to determine the rheological and sensory properties of cheeses and their applications to cheeses are presented.

V. cholerae non-O1 49균주와 V. cholerae O1, V. mimicus, V. vulnificus와 V. parahaemolyticus의 균체지방산(fatty acid methyl ester; FAME)을 gas liquid chromatogrphy로 분석하였다. 이들 분석자료를 통계학적으로 처리하여 Vibrio 종과 V. cholerae의 혈청형별 유연성을 비교 검토하였다. 검출된 지방산은 모두 41종이었고 분포량이 많은 것은 16:0, 16:1 cis 9, 18:1 trans 9/16/cis 11과 15:0 iso 2 OH/16:1 cis 9 였다. 검출된 지방산 중에서도 35종은 V. cholerae를 동정하는데 주요한 인자로 작용되었다. 지방산분포를 UPGMA(비가중수리분석)으로 dendrogram을 작성한 결과 V. cholerae non-O1은 V cholerae O1보다 V mimieus가 더 높은 유사도를 나타내었다. 특히 hydoxy acid는 V. chozerae의 아종단위를 동정하는데 중요하였다. V. choEeore non-O1중에서 O2, O5, O8, O10, O14, O27, O37, O39, O45와 O69의 총 10 종류 혈청형을 대상으로 지방산 조성에 의 한 유사성을 검토한 결과 유사도가 92% 이상 수준에서 7개의 아종를 형성하여 혈청형과 지방산 조성간에는 유의할 만한 상관관계가 있었다. 따라서 V. cholerne non-O1의 동정 및 역학적인 조사시 지방산 분석은 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The distribution of Listeria spp. in various foods and its fatty acid composition were examined. A total 60 samples of dairy products(15), seafoods(20), meat products(18), factory wastes(2), and salades(5) were tested. Listeria spp. was found 10 samples, showing about 16. 7% detection ratio; dairy products 0(0%), seafoods 1(5%), meat product 7(38.9%), factory wastes 2(100%) and salades 0(0%). L. monocytogenes was isolated from 6 samples(10%); seafood 1(5%), meat products 3(16.7%) and factory wastes 2(100%). L. innocua was isolated from meat products 7(38.9%) and factory wastes 2(100%). Whereas L. welshimeri was isolated from meat product 1(5. 6%) and factory wastes 1(50%). The cellular fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography was found not to differ among L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. Twenty three strains of L. monocytogenes and twenty two strains of L. innocua isolated from foods has similar fatty acid profiles when grown at 30℃, 24 hrs on the tryptic soy plate with C_(15) and _(17)' anteiso branched acids accounting for about 80% of total.

The objective of this study was to determine the CH4 oxidation factor (%) and the CH4 oxidation rate (g m−2 d−1) in landfill cover soil. To quantify in-situ rates of CH4 oxidation, CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured on a landfill site using the static chamber technique. The CH4 oxidation factor obtained in this study through the mass balance method ranged between 41% and 61%, which is much higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value of 10%. The higher CH4 oxidation factor derived in this study can be explained by the CH4 bottom flux in addition to the soil texture. The CH4 oxidation factors were observed to increase with decreases in CH4 bottom flux. Therefore, when CH4 bottom fluxes are high in a landfill, using a gas collection system can enhance CH4 oxidation factor. The CH4 oxidation rates were estimated to range from 16.6 g m−2 d−1 to 20.8 g m−2 d−1. In addition, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetation on the CH4 oxidation factor. The results showed that the CH4 oxidation factors for bare soil, vegetated soil, and soil adjacent to a gas well were 57%, 70%, and 44%, respectively. The results indicate that vegetation on landfill covers can increase the CH4 oxidation factor because of increasing soil porosity.

The IPCC methodology for estimating methane emissions from a solid waste landfill is based on the first order decay (FOD) method. One emission factor in the model is the methane generation potential (L0) that is estimated from the amount of decomposable degradable organic carbon (DOC) in a solid waste landfill. L0 is estimated based on the fraction of DOC in the waste, the fraction of the degradable organic carbon that decomposes under anaerobic conditions (DOCf), methane correction factor (MCF), and the fraction of methane in generated landfill gas (F). The other emission factor is the methane generation rate constant (k). The IPCC recommended that every country needs to develop country-specific key parameters (DOC, DOCf, k) more appropriate for its circumstances and characteristics. The objective of this research was to investigate the greenhouse gas emission factor (k) and parameters (DOC, DOCf) for wood wastes in a solid waste landfill. To investigate DOC, DOCf, and k for wood wastes, the biodegradable rate of wood wastes was determined by comparing the composition of excavated samples (L-1, L-2) with their fresh ones (F-1, F-2). The DOC values were found to be 48.36% and 45.27% for F-1 and F-2, respectively. It showed that the IPCC default value of DOC for wood wastes is appropriate for estimating methane emission. The maximum DOCf (0.17 and 0.18) or each wood waste excavated from G landfill was found to be lower compared with those for IPCC. The IPCC provided that default values of DOCf 0.5. The k values were found to be 0.0055 and 0.0058 year−1 for F-1 and F-2, respectively. The result confirmed that the biodegradation rate of wood wastes was very slow due to its lignin.

A bacterial strain SY-97 that showed algicidal activity against Cochlodinium polykrikoides was isolated from coastal water of Uljin (eastern coast of Korea) in August, 2005. The isolated strain was identified as Brachybacterium sp. by morphological and biological tests, and analysis of 16S rDNA sequence. The optimal culture conditions for the growth of strain SY-97 were 30℃, initial pH 7.0, and salinity 2.0%. From the result of cell culture insert experiment, Brachybacterium sp. SY-97 is assumed to produce secondary metabolites which have algicidal activity. When 10% culture filtrate of this strain was applied to C. polykrikoides (1.2 × 104 cells/㎖) cultures, 100% of C. polykrikoides cells was destroyed within 15 hours. The released algicides were heat-tolerant to 100℃ and stable in pH 6.0～10.0. These results suggest that Brachybacterium sp. SY-97 is potentially useful for controlling outbreaks of C. polykrikoides.

To investigate correlation between the distribution of marine bacteria and environmental characteristics in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay, chemical oxygen demand(COD), acid volatile sulfide(AVS), ignition loss(IL), total organic carbon(TOC), and total organic nitrogen(TON) were measured and analyzed at 7 stations in winter and summer. In winter, COD and AVS ranged from 13.45 mg/g to 30.06 mg/g(average: 23.58 mg/g) and from 0.03 mg/g to 1.04 mg/g(average: 0.63 mg/g), respectively. IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 8.03% to 11.41%(average: 9.41%), from 1.17% to 2.10%(average: 1.62%), and from 0.09% to 0.18%(average 0.15%), respectively. In summer, COD, AVS, IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 14.06 mg/g to 32.19 mg/g(average: 24.71 mg/g), from 0.03 mg/g to 1.11 mg/g(average: 0.66 mg/g), from 9.00% to 12.15%(average: 10.96%), from 1.27% to 2.12%(average 1.77%), and from 0.12% to 0.19%(average: 0.16%), respectively. These values were relatively higher than those in winter. Kamak Bay had high C/N ratio that might be resulted from the input of terrestrial sewage and industrial wastewater. The number of marine viable bacteria was 8.9 × 104 cfu/g in winter and 9.7 × 105 cfu/g in summer. The most abundant species were Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., and Vibrio spp. in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay. It was found that the concentration of organic matters and viable bacterial cells in the inner part were relatively higher than those in the outer of Kamak Bay. The distribution of viable bacterial cells was closely influenced by environmental factors.

The aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, which produces bacterial carotenoids was isolated and identified from coastal marine environments. This bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and designated as Erythrobacter longus SY-46. E. longus SY-46 was Gram negative and rod shape, and the optimal culture conditions were 25℃, pH 7.0, and 3.0% NaCl concentration, respectively. The carbon and nitrogen sources required for the optimal growth were lactose and tryptone, respectively. Fatty acid compositions of E. longus SY-46 were C18:1(78.32%), ν-linolenic acid(C18:3n9.12.15c: 3.83%), margaric acid(C17:0: 3.38%), palmitic acid(C16:0: 3.07%), and docosahexaenoic acid(C22:6n3: 2.21%). In addition, E. longus SY-46 showed the characteristic absorption peaks of bacterial carotenoids(in the region of 450 to 480 nm) and bacteriochlorophyll(770 to 772 nm). Major carotenoids of E. longus SY-46 were polyhydroxylated xanthophylls such as fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin.