Etymological approaches can be applied to textual research on the dates of ancient texts. An article titled “Textual Research on ‘Qing’” found the connotations of “Qing” in literature expanded from its original limited use of denoting “nature” to include the connotation of affection and presented a preliminary judgment on the age of some documents. Following and critiquing that article, this paper examines connotations of “Qing” in the Guodian Chu Jian and Kongzi Jiayu and discusses the prerequisites for using an etymological approach in order to ensure their validity. The etymological approach is helpful in determining the relative times of different ancient documents and may provide objective evidence, subject to certain conditions, for determining the likely date when the composition of ancient texts began. It reveals that the date for the Guodian Chu Jian is later than 296 BCE.

A QM-ISP-4 Planetary Mill was employed to activate mechanically the mixtures of anatase and corundum at room temperature for different times. The milled powder mixtures were then sintered at for 1 h. The XRD results showed that the milled powder mixtures were completely transformed into after sintering, except the mixtures milled for 5 and 10 hours. The SEM observations showed the typical morphology of rod-like vary in the range: widths from 0.6 to , and lengths from 3.0 to . The rod-like formation was attributed to the positive effects caused by the mechanical activation.