The purpose of this study was to isolate an active constituent from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata leaves and evaluate its insecticidal activity against Pochazia shantungensis nymphs and adults. According to chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, the active constituent of E. caryophyllata leaves was identified as eugenol. Based on LC50 values and structural analogues of eugenola gainst the P. shantungensis nymphs and adults, isoeugenol (LC50, 83.29 and 91.03 mg/L) exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, followed by methyl isoeugenol (105.61 and 114.48 mg/L), eugenol (124.44 and 143.24 mg/L), methyl eugenol (126.31 and 143.84 mg/L), and acetyl eugenol (165.11 and 170.06 mg/L). Insecticidal activity against P. shantungensis was dependent on the presence of a functional group in 4-ally-2-methoxyphenol. These results indicate that E. caryophyllata oil and eugenol analogues might be potential alternative synthetic insecticidal agents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of natural antioxidants as stabilizers for meat by-products to prevent lipid oxidation. The white internal organs were evaluated using different treatments: no antioxidant (control), ascorbic acid (T1), Artemisiacapillaris Thunb. (T2), Opuntia (T3), Schisandra chinensis (T4), and Saururuschinensis (Lour.) Baill (T5). Antioxidant activities were analyzed by measuring DPPH contents, superoxide anion radical levels, nitrate scavenging activities, and total polyphenol contents. T1 and T2 showed higher antioxidant activities and total polyphenol contents (p<0.05). Additionally, changes in physicochemical properties (pH, color, volatile basic nitrogen [VBN], and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and microbiological aspects in white internal organs processed with antioxidants were investigated. As storage time increased, the CIE a* and b* values of the white internal organs processed with natural antioxidants were decreased (p<0.05), and CIE L* values were low, particularly for the T3 sample relative to that in the control. Moreover, the pH, VBN, and TBARS values of samples T2–T5 were increased after 7 days of storage, but showed low values compared with those of the control (p<0.05). Moreover, compared with the control group, the treatments showed antimicrobial effects. Our results indicated that these natural antioxidants could be used as lipid oxidation stabilizers of meat by-products during storage and that Artemisiacapillaris Thunb. and Opuntia may have applications as natural antioxidants in the meat by-product industry.

Muscle strength and endurance activities of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer; KG) were compared with those of wild simulated cultivation ginseng (WCG) in mice. Fifty male ICR mice were divided into five groups: A (vehicle); B (WCG 100 mg/kg); C (WCG 500 mg/kg); D (KG 100 mg/kg); E (KG 500 mg/kg). Subsequently, the mice were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST) and treadmill test at the 4th and 7th weeks. The glycogen content in the muscle and blood analysis (levels of glucose, triglyceride (TG), IGF-1) were also performed immediately after the last FST and treadmill test at the 7th week. Immobility times in FST were shorter in WCG- than KG-treated groups, and the results of the treadmill tests were also significant except for KG-treated at 100 mg/kg. The glycogen content was increased in both groups with a peak at 500 mg/kg of WCG groups. Serum concentrations of TG and glucose were decreased by administration of KG and WCG and all treated groups showed increase in the level of IGF-1 in serum. These results suggest that KG and WCG supplementations are effective in escalating the muscle strength and endurance.