목 적: 담배 흡연이 동공크기, 시력, 조절력 및 눈물막에 미치는 급성 및 만성효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법: 성인 남성 중 비흡연자 30명, 흡연자 25명의 지원자를 대상으로 하였다. 흡연의 급성효과를 관찰 하기 위하여 흡연자에게는 0.5 mg의 니코틴이 함유된 동일한 담배 1 개비를 피우도록 하고 흡연 직후 명소 시와 박명시 상태에서 동공크기, 대비시력, 대비감도, 고위수차, 조절력 및 눈물막안정성을 측정하였다. 동 공크기는 동공측정계(VIP™-200 Pupillometer)로, 안구수차는 파면수차계(KR-1W)를 사용하여 4 ㎜ 동공 크기에서 측정하였으며, 100%와 10% 대비시력, 대비감도를 측정하고, 조절력은 Push-up test 검사로, 눈 물막 안정성은 눈물막파괴시간(TBUT)을 측정하여 흡연 전과 비교하였다. 만성효과는 비흡연자와 흡연자의 흡연 전 상태에서 측정한 결과값을 비교하였다. 결 과: 흡연의 급성효과로 동공크기는 조도와 휘도에 상관없이 모두 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 명 소시와 박명시에서 측정한 저대비 시력은 유의하게 향상되었다(p<0.05). 대비감도와 고위수차는 차이가 없 었고(p>0.05), 흡연 후 조절력과 TBUT는 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 흡연자와 비흡연자의 동공크기는 모든 조도와 휘도에서 차이가 없었고, 대비시력, 대비감도, 고위수차, 조절력 및 TBUT도 유의한 차이가 관 찰되지 않았다. 결 론: 흡연의 급성효과로 동공이 축동되고, 조절력 및 눈물막 안정성이 감소하며, 저대비 시력이 향상되 었다. 그러나 흡연은 만성적으로 동공크기, 시력, 조절력 및 눈물안정성에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타나 흡연은 일시적으로 시기능에 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다.

Streptococci are among the normal human microflora that populate the oral cavity. However, oral streptococci are known as a major causative agent for dental caries and bacterial endocarditis. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used for oral infections but two mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in streptococci have been reported. The tet(K) and tet(L) genes in these bacteria are related to the active efflux of tetracycline, whereas tet(M) and tet(O) confer ribosomal protection from this antibiotic. It has been reported that the tetracycline resistance of streptococci is related mainly to the activity of tet(M) and tet(O). In our present study, we examined the prevalence of tet(M) and tet(O) in oral streptococci isolated from Korean dental plaques using PCR. One hundred and forty eight of 635 isolates (23.3%) were tetracycline resistant; 68 of these strains (46%) harbored tet(M) and 3 strains (2%) were positive for tet(O). However, tet(M) and tet(O) did not co-exist in any of the resistant strains. Seventy seven of the 148 tetracycline resistant strains (52%) were negative for both the tet(M) and tet(O) genes.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and inhibits bac- terial protein synthesis by stimulating the dissociation of the peptidyl-tRNA molecule from the ribosomes during elon- gation. The use of macrolides has increased dramatically over the last few years and has led to an increase in bac- terial resistance to these antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to erythromycin is generally conferred by the ribosome methy- lation and/or transport (efflux) protein genes. Among the identified erythromycin-resistant genes, erm(B) (erythromy- cin methylation) and mef(A) (macrolide efflux) are gene- rally detectable in erythromycin-resistant streptococcal spe- cies. The distribution of these genes in oral streptococcal iso- lates has been reported in studies from other countries but has not been previously examined in a Korean study. We here examined by PCR the presence of erm(B) and mef(A) in oral streptococci isolated from Korean dental plaques. Among the 57 erythromycin-resistant strains tested, 64.9% harbored erm(B) whereas 40.4% were positive for mef(A). Eleven isolates had both the erm(B) and mef(A) genes. Twenty six isolates had only erm(B) and 12 isolates had only mef(A). Eight of the 57 strains examined were negative for both genes.

TM7 is an uncultivated organism which is present in ex- tremely diverse environments. Members of the Dialister genus are difficult to culture as a result of which many of these strains remain uncultivated. It has been suggested that TM7 and Dialister bacteria may belong to a group of suspected periodontal pathogens. In our current study, the presence of the sebacteria in Korean dental plaque samples was asses- sed using PCR detection methods with specific primers for 16S ribosomal RNA genes. The experimental group inclu- ded 84 volunteers (35 males and 49 females). Plaque sam- ples were collected from 4 non-adjacent proximal sites of the molar areas of the mandible in each subject and pooled. TM7 was detectable in 56% and the Dialister genus in 27.5% of the volunteers. Both TM7 and Dialister were present in 20.3% of volunteers. We found that 36.9% of the volunte e rs we re negative for both bacteria. Further s tudi e s to evaluate the prevalence of these putative pathogenic bac- te ria in the Korean population are warranted.

This study was performed to analyze the effect of forest education on juvenile probationers’psychological and emotional changes. Changes of resilience, mood state and attitudes toward forest of 272 juvenile probationers, who attended forest education program co-managed by Korea Forest Service and Ministry of Justice in 2016, were identified by self-report survey. Survey analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and paired t-test with IBM SPSS 21.0 program. The forest education program consisted of physical activity, emotional activity, cognitive activity, challenging activity and problem solving activity (e.g. physical exercises in the forest, forest meditation, observing forest with mirror, talking with trees, creating with natural objects, etc.). The result was as follows: First, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers has an effect on the development of resilience. Second, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the improvement of mood state. Third, it showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the development of attitudes toward forest. It showed that program using forest education activities for juvenile probationers had an effect on the development of enjoying the forest and importance and usefulness of forest by sub-factors of attitudes toward forest. Therefore the result came out that forest education program had influence on positive change of juvenile probationers’ resilience, mood state and increase of attitude towards forest. This study had a limitation to generalize the result of the study for the limited case, but forest education was expected to help the social adaptation and development of the at-risk youth who was exposed to the current risk. The next study need for various experts’cooperation to develop customized forest education programs for juvenile probationers and continuous monitoring of the effect.

Research on salinity stress has strongly increased over the last decade, as salinity stress is a main key factor limiting the global crop production in many regions of the world. In recent years, it is possible to obtain a large amount of genotypic data in a short time due to a reduction in genotyping costs. This wave of genomic information has effected the development of new strategies for the integration of molecular information in breeding programs. However, phenotyping is still a manual activity, and different from each species, environment, and trait. It often generates high labor costs, and can be sensitive to environmental changes, and sometimes includes the individual biased assessments from different people. There is a strong demand for phenotypic data of high quality. The current objective of phenomics is phenotyping a large number of individuals for many traits in a nondestructive manner and with good accuracy. Here we described the image-based technology as applied to alleviate the bottleneck for the development of high-throughput phenotyping platforms. Several trials to measure stress responses of rice plantlets based on image data under the salinity condition are underway to develop automation for the next-level of phenotyping.

개화는 식물이 영양생장에서 생식생장으로 전환되는 중요 한 발달 단계로 유전학적, 분자생물학적 접근 방법을 통하여 개화 기작을 이해하기 위한 연구들이 수행되었다. 개화시기 조절에 관한 연구는 주로 애기장대를 이용하여 진행되어 왔 으며 이를 바탕으로 춘화처리 경로, 자발적 경로, 광주기 의존 적 경로, 식물 호르몬인 지베렐린 연관 경로들이 밝혀졌고 이 들 경로와 관련된 다양한 유전자들이 보고되었다. 이들 중 춘 화처리 및 자발적 경로는 개화억제 유전자인 FLC 발현 조절 을 통해 개화시기를 조절한다고 밝혀졌다. 최근 연구에 따르 면 chromatin-remodeling 인자들인 FLD, FVE, VIN3, VRN1, VRN2, FRI 등과 FCA, FPA, FLK등의 RNA 결합단백질과 FY등의 다양한 RNA processing 관련 단백질들이 FLC 유전자 발현을 조절하고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이와는 다르 게 광주기성 개화유도는 FLC와 다른 독립적인 경로를 가지 고 있다. 광수용체로부터 시작된 신호는 개화촉진인자 CO 유 전자를 활성화 시키고 하위 유전자 FT 발현을 유도한다. FT 단백질은 FD 단백질과 상호작용하여 AP1으로 신호를 전달 하며 FLC에 의한 개화 억제 신호와 경쟁적으로 상호작용을 하며 개화시기를 조절하게 된다. 이들 각 경로로부터 개화시 기를 조절하는 유전자 연구들을 바탕으로 작물에서 개화시기 에 관여하는 유전자를 도입하거나 발현을 조절함으로서 작물 의 개화시기에 변화를 주는 연구들이 지속적으로 활발하게 수행되고 있다. 작물에서 개화시기 조절은 생산량, 바이오매 스 등에 영향을 주는데 최근에 들어서는 기후변화에 의한 이 상온도로 개화시기가 빨라지거나 늦어지는 경향을 보이고 있 다. 따라서 전통육종과 더불어 유전자를 이용한 개화시기 조 절은 변화하는 환경에 적응할 수 있는 작물을 개발하는데 중 요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.

Drought and salinity are the major abiotic stresses which are being continued to hamper the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Plant species have adaptations to enhance their ability to tolerate stresses through physiological adjustment. Therefore, substantial amount of research are ongoing to provide insights about those mechanisms which enlighten the stress tolerance in plant. In this study, several rice cultivars were collected from the different parts of the world and ion accumulation experiments were conducted to select the best stress tolerant cultivar in drought and salt stress environment. For stress treatment, five rice cultivars were subjected to salt (200 mM NaCl) and drought (200 mM Mannitol) for 72h. Later Na+, Ca++, K+ concentrations in shoot and root samples were examined at different time interval. In both drought and salt stress, rice cultivar C201 (collected for uzbekistan) showed the lowest levels of Na+ ion and Na+: K+ ratio compared to other cultivars. It was significant parallel observation with pokkali (known salt tolerant cultivar). In this preliminary study, it was observed the C201 had more stress tolerant in terms of ion accumulation; however detail physiological studies are required to strengthen the idea regarding the best stress tolerant physiotype.

The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus are major pests of aquatic rice plant in Korea as well as throughout the country. Larvae of RWW sucking the nourishment on roots, causes a stunted root system and reduces grain yields. To prevent these damages, we constructed various plant expression vectors, which were harbored by insecticidal genes, cryBP1 and cryIIIa, and fused with the actin promoter and/or the modified RCg2 root-preferential promoters for expressing the insect-toxic genes in leaves and roots. A cryBP1 was cloned from Bacillus popilliae, producing crystal toxin against Japanese beetle, and CryIIIa was modified from the δ-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis, encoding the coleoptera-specific toxin. The vectors containing the insecticidal genes were transferred into Oryza sativa japonica cultivar, Nakdong, by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method. Several independent transgenic lines were selected by Southern blotting and Western blotting, confirming that cryBP1 and cryIIIa genes were stably integrated into the plant genomes and were expressed in transgenic plants. Upon insect bioassay using RWW, the mortality of insect larvae on cryBP1 and cryIIIa transgenic rice lines recorded up to 41% and 34%, respectively. These results suggested that the transgenic lines can be used to develop Coleoptera-resistant cultivars and could be valuable for later application in crop breeding for insect resistance.

도시숲은 도시민의 건강욕구 충족 및 건전한 도시 이미지 창출을 위한 중요 자원이다. 도시 환경과 대조를 이루는 숲의 환경요소들은 도시의 미적 아름다움 증진, 대기환경 개선, 미기후(微氣候) 조절 등 건강한 도시환경을 만들며, 이를 배경으로 시민들은 쾌적한 생활을 향유하며 살아가게 된다. 결과적으로, 도시숲의 관리와 쾌적한 활용은 자연과의 공생을 도모하는 실천적인 수단으로써 개인뿐만 아니라 사회에도 긍정적인 기여를 하게 된다. 본 연구는 도시숲 조성 및 관리를 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 광주광역시 소재의 제석산을 대상으로 방문객들의 이용행태와 도시숲 이용 의식 및 요구도를 조사 분석한 것으로 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 도시민들은 도시숲이 가져다주는 맑은 공기와 물 그리고 물, 바람, 새소리와 같은 자연 고유의 소리를 즐기며, 대다수가 건강과 운동을 위해서 1주일에 1~2번, 혼자 또는 가족, 친구와 함께 숲을 찾고 있다. 숲에서는 주로 1시간 30분~2시간 정도 체류하며, 등산 또는 산책을 즐겨한다. 이들은 도시숲이 도시민들에게 휴양 및 쉼터기능을 제공하고 도시의 오염된 공기를 정화해주기를 기대한다. 또한 잘 정비된 등산로/산책로, 화장실 등 위생시설과 자연관찰 프로그램과 운동 프로그램에 참여하기를 원한다. 추후 사유림을 공유화하기 위한 기금 모금 마련에는 다소 유보적인 입장을 취하고 있으며, 공유화된 숲은 산림욕장이나 휴양림으로 활용하고 싶어 한다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로, 도시민들에게 건강과 휴양 기능이 충분히 발휘되고 도시 쾌적성(amenity)을 향상 시킬 도시숲 조성 및 관리 체계 확립이 필요할 것으로 본다. 따라서 본 연구에서 수행된 도시민들의 도시숲 이용행태 및 이용 의식 분석은 도시숲의 효율적인 관리 및 운영 방안 제시에 다양한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 본다. 이와 더불어 향후 연구에서는 도시숲 이용 분석에 대하여 도시숲의 유형별 접근이 필요하고, 또한 전문가와 관리자적 측면에서 도시숲의 운영 및 관리실태 파악을 수행함으로써 도출된 방안의 적용 가능성 범위를 높여가야 할 것으로 본다.