중국 문학사에 있어 당대(唐代), 그 중에서도 중당(中唐)이라는 시기적 위치는 특 별함을 가지고 있다. 이 시기는 사인(士人) 계층의 개혁 의지가 강렬해지면서, 정치, 문화, 학술 등 다양한 분야에서 변화가 본격화된 시기이기도 하였다. 특히 과거(科 擧)를 통해 선발된 문인 계층이 신흥세력으로 부상하면서 그들만의 문화를 형성한 것도 바로 이 시기이다. 중당(中唐)을 대표하는 문인 중 문체 개혁운동의 정점에 서 있던 인물이라고 한다면 한유와 백거이를 대표적으로 떠올릴 수 있다. 양인(兩人)은 각각 문체 개혁운동에도 힘쓰면서도, 문인 집단을 이끌어간 영수(領袖)의 위치에 서 있었던 인물이었다. 하지만, 문인 집단 내에서는 교유가 활발했던 두 문인이었지만, 오히려 두 문인 간에는 교유의 흔적을 찾아보기 쉽지 않다. 본고에서는 한유와 백거 이 양인(兩人) 간 교유시(交遊詩)에 대해 소개한 뒤, 어떠한 상황 하에서 어떠한 내 용으로 교유시를 증답하였는지를 파악하기 위해 작품에 대한 분석을 시도하였으며, 이외에도 양인(兩人)의 교유에 영향을 줄 수 있는 중당(中唐) 시기의 환경적 특징에 는 어떠한 요소들이 있는지 간단히 살펴보았다.

The nutrient balances originated from livestock manure in Korea has not being include minor livestock species (e.g., horse, deer, and goat) since their manure excretion unit (MEU), nutrient excretion unit (NEU), and nutrient loading coefficient (NLC) are not known yet. In the present research work, the primary focus had laid therefore on securing domestic MEU for the specified minor livestock species which provides the basis for the computation of NEU and NLC. Moreover, the nutrient potential and economic value of composted manure from minor livestock was assessed on the basis of contents in the inorganic fertilizers such as Urea, (46% N) and Fused superphosphate (20% phosphorus pentoxide). The obtained MEU was found to be 10.52±5.48, 4.07±1.69, and 0.843±0.1 kg/head/day for horse, deer, and goat, respectively. In addition, the measured NLCs of horse, deer, and goat were [N, 0.7; P, 0.9], [N, 0.7; P, 0.6] (Both deer and goat were the same.), respectively. Consequently, the horse, deer, and goat manure have a potential of 3,840.1 ton N/year and 9,390.2 ton P/year as an inorganic fertilizer of urea and fused superphosphate. These findings may facilitate the development of more accurate nutrient budget taking into account both major and minor livestock and improve the manure management measures for land application.

This study is related to the development of lightweight automotive materials that were carried out to develop eco-friendly vehicles worldwide. High-strength aluminum alloy is used as one of the significant lightweight materials in the field of transportation machinery, and it is used as a lightweight material in various areas, including automobiles. The A356 alloy used in this study is an excellent aluminum alloy material that has widely used as a high strength aluminum alloy material in various forming methods. In this study, to examine the characteristics of the two alloys in which Mn and Sr elements were added to the A356 alloy and the A356 alloy, both alloys were manufactured by metal mold casting, which is a gravity casting method. The obtained specimens were heat-treated under the same conditions. In this study have investigated of the microstructure analysis, thermal analysis, crystal phase analysis, and mechanical property evaluation were performed to confirm how the added Mn and Sr elements influenced the microstructure, precipitate formation, and mechanical properties.

사시나무(Populus davidiana Dode)는 동아시아에 분포하는 산지형 속성수이다. 우리나라에서는 이전 에 치산녹화에 중요한 조림수종이었으며, 줄기 삽목에 의한 증식이 어려워 근삽(Root cutting)을 이용 한 증식이 가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 근삽은 줄기 삽목에 비하여 클론 개체를 얻는 효율이 낮기 때문 에 근삽을 이용한 개체 증식을 시도할 때 많은 개체를 얻기 위하여는 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위한 연 구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 사시나무 근삽수의 저온 저장 처리가 근맹아 발생 효율에 미치는 영향 을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 근삽수는 오대 19호를 포함한 총 9개의 클론에서 채취되었다. 실험은 같은 샘플들을 4℃와 24℃의 온도 조건에서 3주간 처리한 다음 항온 유지 온실에서 근삽목을 실시하였고, 15주간 근맹아 발생을 관찰하며 진행되었다. 그 결과, 24℃ 대조구는 4℃ 처리구에 비하여 총 근맹아 발생량이약 1.9배로 우수하였다. 처리구는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 95%가 발생하고 나서 8주차까지 총 2개가 추가 발생한 후 모든 발생이 멈췄다. 반면에 처리구에서는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 52%가 발생하였으며, 그 후 14주차까지 37개의 근맹아가 불규칙적으로 추가 발생하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 저온처리를 한 사시나무 근삽의 근맹아 발생이 대조구에 비해 조기에 멈추는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 사시나무의 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위해서는 더욱 다양한 후속연구가 필요하다.

This study was performed to investigate the ingredients and subsidiary feed production policies, actual condition, and understanding. The survey was conducted by e-mail about 60 feed companies in Korea. The results of the analysis on the production status and perception of the ingredients and subsidiary feed production facilities were summarized as follows. First, the most urgent problem to be solved for the development of a sustainable feed industry and development and stable supply of domestic and international feed resources. Second, the quality of feeds maintained a considerable level in comparison with the developed countries. Third, the production equipment for the introduction of the feed safety management system was after set conditon of introduction. Therefore, to develop a sustainable feed industry, we should proceed to secure reliable sources about fodder resources. In order to maintain a food quality, the role of feed safety inspection for imported feeds materials are more important. The government's various efforts are more necessary for the imported feeds test agencies to improve the reliability, satisfaction and a feed management system.

In experiment dealt with 240 Hanwoo (172 steers and 68 heifers) among the 456 cattle during growing and fattening period were used from 2004 to 2015. Growth period was divided into 6, 12, 18, and 24 months for steers and 6, 12, 18, and 43 months for heifers. The results showed that lying down, feeding, and drinking behavior increased according to the growth. In contrary, the time of locomotion behavior including standing and walking behavior were reduced. Aggressive behavior was observed to be mostly generated in the first 6-months. Thus the results showed that different growth period of Hanwoo steers can be used as management systems for breeding and disease management. It conclude that providing a comfortable living space is a useful management systems suppress stress to the minimum extent without giving unnecessary stress to the animals.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pen and group size on behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Forty-eight beef steers, all 15 months of age, were used in this study, and were assigned to 3 groups: control (4/35.28 ㎡), treatment 1 (8/70.56 ㎡), and treatment 2 (12/105.84 ㎡). In addition, behavioral characteristics were analyzed every 2 days in each month using CCTV cameras. Each behavior of the treatment group was observed significantly more frequently (p<0.05) than the corresponding behavior of the control group in summer, especially feeding behavior. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the treatment groups. Locomotion was observed for a significantly longer duration in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05), and resting was observed for slightly longer in the treatment groups than in the control group. Fighting behavior, related to social status, was observed significantly more frequently in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05). In winter, feeding behavior was observed for a significantly longer duration in the control group than in the treatment groups (p<0.05) On comparing the behavior of Hanwoo steers during different seasons, we found that the steers showed more resting behavior during summer and more feeding behavior and movement during winter. The above results suggest that the behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers depend on the pen and group size, based on the higher frequency of fighting, rubbing, and scratching observed in the treatment groups than in the control group. The results also suggest that the behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo steers depend on the environmental conditions, as shown by the seasonal differences in behavior. Under conditions of high temperature stress, Hanwoo steers showed increased lying down, drinking and grooming behavior to counter this stress. The findings of this study can be applied to management practices for animal welfare and producticon of cattle in both growing and fattening periods.

본 연구는 도축된 한우의 황체난소, 낭종난소, 정상난소를 이용하여 체외 수정란 생산 시, 각각의 난소별 수정란 생산율을 분석하기 위하여 각 난소별 미성숙 난자의 회수율을 조사하였다. 15 18℃로 운반된 도축 유래 난소로부터 18G 주사침이 장착된 10 ml 주사 기를 이용하여 적색체 또는 황체가 형성된 난소, 직경 15 mm 이상의 낭종성 난소 및 4 10 mm의 정상난소로부터 미성숙 난자를 회수하여, 체외수정을 통한 분할율을 확인하 였다. 총 회수된 미성숙 난자와 이용 가능한 미성숙 난자의 수를 조사한 결과, 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소에서 총 회수된 미성숙 난자는 18.94±1.11, 18.57±1.42 및 20.24± 2.28개로 관찰되었으며, 그 중 성숙 배양에 이용된 미성숙 난자는 7.92±0.77, 8.22±1.31 및 10.70±1.02개로 확인되었고, 모두 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다(p<0.05). 또한, 난 소에서 총 회수된 미성숙 난자에 대한 성숙 배양으로의 효율은 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소에서 각 42.39±5.01, 43.60±5.15 및 53.55±3.19%로 조사되었으며 유의적인 차 이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 한편, 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소로부터 회수된 미성 숙 난자의 분할율은 77.46±1.60, 74.91±2.03 및 77.39±2.39%로 관찰되었고 유의적인 차 이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 실험 결과 황체 및 낭종난소와 정상난소에서 회수된 미성숙 난자의 개수 및 분할율에는 차이가 없다는 것을 알 수 있으며 이와 같은 결과를 통해 황체 및 낭종난소에서도 정상적인 난소에서와 마찬가지로 미성숙 난자가 채 란되며 이용가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 보다 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해서는 추가적으로 성숙 및 발달율에 대한 조사가 이루어져 할 것이라고 생각된다.

This study was performed to investigate the FSH levels for superovulation procedure in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). The effectiveness of 200 mg and 400 mg of FSH to initiate superovulation was examined in Hanwoo. Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH group was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. Also, 400 mg FSH group was treated with 80, 60, 40, 20 mg FSH levels. On the 3rd day administration of FSH, 25 mg PGF2α was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. Donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 μg GnRH at time of 1st insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1st insemination. As a results, average number of CL treated with FSH 200 mg was higher as 20.9±1.20 than 15.8±0.63 for donors treated with FSH 400 mg, respectively(p<0.05). Treated group of 200 mg FSH level increased (p<0.05) the number of embryos recovered per procedure compared to 400 mg FSH level (18.2±1.18 vs. 12.38±0.52, respectively). When treatment of 200 mg FSH was performed, average transferable embryos/ova increased (p<0.05) to 14.1±1.12 from 6.8±0.33 of treated of 400 mg FSH. Group of 200 mg FSH increased (p<0.05) to 8.3±0.76 from 2.0±0.26 in morula stage compare to 400 mg FSH group. Mean of total early blastocyst and expanded blastocyst stage embryos was similar (p<0.05) between the 200 mg and 400 mg FSH levels group (4.7±1.19 vs. 2.9±0.18 and 1.2±0.40 vs. 1.9±0.17). These results suggest that 200 mg FSH level-based superovulation protocol with CIDR may be effectively used for production of superior embryos in Hanwoo. In other words, the less level of FSH may be effectively applied for Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle), because Hanwoo was smaller body size than beef or daily cow.

This study was performed in order to determine optimum flushing solution using the direct embryo collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3 day administration of FSH, 25 mg was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 GnRH at time of 1 insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1 insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors were performed to flushing by DEC and conventional method. As a results, the average number of recovered embryos were significantly higher as 19.11.40 with DEC method than 12.00.44 with conventional embryo collection method, respectively (p<0.05). Also, The average number of transferable embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 15.81.72 with DEC method than 6.90.35 from conventional embryo recovery procedures. Meanwhile, number of recovered embryos and number of recovered transferable embryos following the number of flushing times until 6 flushing were significantly higher as 8.60.53 and 8.60.53 from 2 flushing time than other groups (p<0.05). No. of Ear. B stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.90.90 and 3.90.90 with 2 flushing time in total collected embryos and transferable embryos (p<0.05). Com M stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.71.00 in 2 flushing time and as 2.20.76 in 3 flushing time for recovered embryos (p<0.05). In transferable embryos, Com. M stage embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 3.71.00 in 2 flushing time and as 2.20.76 in 34 flushing time, also. No. of degradation embryos was significantly higher as 2.20.72 in 5 flushing time, On the other hand, degradation embryos was not observed in transferable embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method should effective methods for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution following perform until 4 flushing time than conventional embryo collecting method. Also, it might be effectively collection of transferable embryos following more less procedure times compared to conventional embryo recovery methods.

This study was performed in order to simplify the operation and minimize stress of donor and be readily available in the field with low cost and high quality embryos using the Direct Embryo Collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3rd day administration of FSH, 25 mg was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 GnRH at time of 1 st insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1st insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors was performed to flushing by non-surgical methods of 3-way, 2-way and DEC (l-way). The average number of recovered embryos were 11.250.63, 12.50.65 and 11.750.48 from operations of 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. There were no significant differences among the embryo collection methods. Also, The average number of transferable embryos were 6.250.48, 7.250.48 and 7.250.63 from each embryo collection procedures. The number of transferable embryos was no differences among the 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratio of transferable embryos for all recovered embryos from DEC methods was higher as 61.7 % than 55.6 %, 58 % from methods of 3-way, 2-way. And the flushing solution required for recovering embryos by DEC method was significantly lower as 0.280.32 1 than 1.80.12 1, 1.750.10 1 from 3-way, 2-way methods (p<0.05). Also, the time required for recovering embryos by DEC methods was significantly lower as 272 min than 513, 452 min, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method for embryo collection may be effectively used for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution and, it might be effectively available in the field compared to conventional embryo recovery methods using 3-way or 2-way balloon catheter.

Recently, nanotubes have considerably researched because of their novel application about photocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), lithium ion battery, etc. In this work, self-standing nanotube arrays were fabricated by anodic oxidation method using pure Ti foil as a working electrode in ethylene glycole with 0.3M + . Growth behavior of nanotube arrays was compared according to temperature, voltage and time. The morphology, structure and crystalline of anodized nanotube arrays were observed by FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction).

Iron(Fe)-Molybdenum(Mo) alloyed nanoparticles and nanowires were produced by the chemical vapor condensation(CVC) process using the pyrolysis of iron pentacarbonyl() and Molybdenum hexacarbonyl(). The influence of CVC parameter on the formation of nanoparticle, nanowire and size control was studied. The size of Fe-Mo alloyed nanoparticles can be controlled by quantity of gas flow. Also, Fe-Mo alloyed nanowires were produced by control of the work chamber pressure. Moreover, we investigated close correlation of size and morphology of Fe-Mo nanoparticles and nanowires with atomic quantity of inflow precursor into the electric furnace as the quantitative analysis. Obtained nanoparticles and nanowires were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Self-standing TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated by potentiostatic anodic oxidation method using pure Ti foil as a working electrode and ethylene glycol solution as electrolytes with small addition of NH4F and H2O. The influences of anodization temperature and time on the morphology and formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays were investigated. The fabricated TiO2 nanotube arrays were applied as a photoelectrode to dye-sensitized solar cells. Regardless of anodizing temperature and time, the average diameter and wall thickness of TiO2 nanotube show a similar value, whereas the thickness show a different trend with reaction temperature. The thickness of TiO2 nanotube arrays anodized at 20℃ and 30℃ was time-dependent, but on the other hand its at 10℃ are independent of anodization time. The conversion efficiency is low, which is due to a morphology breaking of the TiO2 nanotube arrays in manufacturing process of photoelectrode.