Korea depends almost entirely on imports for malt, the main ingredient in beer. However, the consumer market for domestic malt has not developed in Korea because of the prejudice that the quality of domestic malt is inferior to that of imported malt. This study aimed to analyze the quality of malt from Gwangmaeg (GM) and Hopum (HP), representative domestic beer barley varieties cultivated under varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates (standard fertilizer application, 50% increase in application, and 50% decrease in application), and use the findings as primary data to promote domestic malt consumption. GM’s crude protein and starch contents were significantly (Ρ<0.05) higher and lower, respectively, than those in HP. With decreased fertilizer application (GM: 14.0±0.8% and HP: 11.4±0.4%), the protein content was significantly lower than that with increased fertilizer application (GM: 15.5± 0.3% and HP: 13.1±1.3%). Although there was no difference in -glucan content, starch content tended to increase, indicating quality improvement. Acrospire length, yield, and enzyme titer, quality indicators of malt, increased with further fertilizer application, whereas friability and Kolbach index increased with decreased fertilizer application. For wort qualities, filtration time decreased from 36 to 34 minutes in GM and 55 to 42 minutes in HP, with the wort extraction rate increasing with decreased fertilizer application. These findings showed that decreased nitrogen fertilizer application improves the qualities of malt and wort.

A barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar 'Youjin' with hooded spike type having good silage quality was developed at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. ‘Youjin’ showed both high yielding and cold resistance through the preliminary and advanced yield trials(PYT, AYT) from 2012 to 2013. We conducted regional yield trials(RYT) of ‘Youjin’ in six locations around Korea for three years from 2014 to 2016. It had erect plant type, growth habit of II, the green leaf and hooded awn type. In the paddy field its heading date was April 24 and the maturing date was May 25. Plant height was 99 cm and the number of spikes per m2 was 696. It has high rate of leaf blades, resistance to BaYMV(Barley Yellow Mosiac Virus) and good winter hardiness. The average dry matter of Youjin was about 17.2 MT ha-1 in the field. And feed quality of ‘Youjin’ was 10.6% of crude protein content, 24.8% of ADF(Acid Detergent Fiber), 43.5 % of NDF(Neutral Detergent Fiber), 69.1% of TDN(Total Digestible Nutrients). And also ‘Youjin’ had grade I of silage quality.

‘미한’은 추위 및 도복에 강한 다수성이면서 총체적성이 우수한 청보리 품종육성을 목표로 2001년 추위 및 도복에 강하며 초형이 양호한 ‘SB00T2064’를 모본으로, 양질다수성으로 총체적성이 우수한 ‘수원385호(IT215831)’를 부본으로 인공교배하였다.‘익산487호’로서 전국 6개소에서 2014년부터 2016년까지 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2016년에 육성되었다. ‘미한’은 기존 육성된 ‘영양’의 거친 망의 단점을 개선하여, 까락의 거치가 적은 반매끈망의 특성을 지니고 있다. 미한’은 직립 초형으로 파성은 IV정도로 영양보다는 추파성이 강하였다. 미한의 잎은 녹색이며, 엽폭은 중간정도이며, 엽이의 안토시아닌색은 없으며, 초장은 96㎝, ㎡당 경수는 665개로 표준품종인 ‘영양’ 보다 적었으나, 엽신 비율이 17.9%, 이삭비율은 52.2%로 높다. 답리작(전주 등 5개 지역 평균)에서 출수기는 4월 23일로 ‘영양’보다 3일 늦었으나, 황숙기는 5월 23일로 ‘영양’보다 1일 늦었다. ‘미한’은 내한성에 대해서는‘영양’보다 강하며, 흰가루병에는 약하며, 보리호위축병에 저항성을 나타냈다. 건물수량은 전작에서 13.9톤/ha으로 ‘영양’과 보다 5% 감수하였지만, 답리작에서 10.9톤/ha으로 ‘영양’과 같았다. 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량이 10.3%로 ‘영양’에 비해 높았으며, ADF는 26.1%, NDF는 46.9%로 ‘영양’보다 높았으며 TDN이 68.2% ‘영양’보다 다소 낮았으나, 사일리지 품질등급은 I 등급으로 ‘영양’보다 우수하였다.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for wheat to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested wheat grain every third day from 30 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 61.6% at 30 DAH to 42.8% at 42 DAH. Yield of wheat grain significantly increased from 30 to 42 DAH (p< 0.05). Yield at 39 DAH (3.46T/ha) was not significantly different from that at 42 DAH (p< 0.05). With respect to the feed value of wheat grain silage, the amount of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p< 0.05). However, the amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 30 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.5 and it was stable until 39 DAH (p< 0.05). The lactic acid content of wheat grain silage from 30 to 42 DAH decreased from 3.08% to 1.10%. With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for wheat grain silage was 39 DAH.

사시나무(Populus davidiana Dode)는 동아시아에 분포하는 산지형 속성수이다. 우리나라에서는 이전 에 치산녹화에 중요한 조림수종이었으며, 줄기 삽목에 의한 증식이 어려워 근삽(Root cutting)을 이용 한 증식이 가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 근삽은 줄기 삽목에 비하여 클론 개체를 얻는 효율이 낮기 때문 에 근삽을 이용한 개체 증식을 시도할 때 많은 개체를 얻기 위하여는 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위한 연 구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 사시나무 근삽수의 저온 저장 처리가 근맹아 발생 효율에 미치는 영향 을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 근삽수는 오대 19호를 포함한 총 9개의 클론에서 채취되었다. 실험은 같은 샘플들을 4℃와 24℃의 온도 조건에서 3주간 처리한 다음 항온 유지 온실에서 근삽목을 실시하였고, 15주간 근맹아 발생을 관찰하며 진행되었다. 그 결과, 24℃ 대조구는 4℃ 처리구에 비하여 총 근맹아 발생량이약 1.9배로 우수하였다. 처리구는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 95%가 발생하고 나서 8주차까지 총 2개가 추가 발생한 후 모든 발생이 멈췄다. 반면에 처리구에서는 5주차까지 총 발생량의 52%가 발생하였으며, 그 후 14주차까지 37개의 근맹아가 불규칙적으로 추가 발생하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 저온처리를 한 사시나무 근삽의 근맹아 발생이 대조구에 비해 조기에 멈추는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 사시나무의 근맹아 발생량을 높이기 위해서는 더욱 다양한 후속연구가 필요하다.

'Dakyeong' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oats for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘CI7505’(IT133304) and ‘Swan’(IT197920). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Iksan and Jeonju, respectively. After preliminary and advanced yield test for 2 years, ‘SO2004009-B-B-10-8-3-9’, designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri91’, were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four parts such as Jeju (upland), Yesan (upland), Iksan (upland), and Jeonju (paddy), from 2014 to 2016, and finally named as ‘Dakyeong’. Cultivar ‘Dakyong’ has leaves of dark green color, thick diameter culm and long grain of brown color. Over 3 years, the heading date of ‘Dakyeong’ was about 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’ (April 30 and May 5, respectively), and their average forage dry matter yield harvested at milk-ripe stage was higher 12% (15.7 tone ha-1) than 14.0 tone ha-1 of check cultivar. Cultivar ‘Dakyeong’ was lower than the check cultivar ‘Samhan’ in terms of the protein content (6.1% and 7.0%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (62.1%, and 62.5%, respectively), while the TDN yield was more than the check (7.79 tone ha-1 and 7.64 tone ha-1, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of ‘Dakyeong’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -6°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

Oats (Avena sativa L.), which are known as one of the forage crops of Korea, have good livestock palatability and are popular to cattle farmers because of their high dry matter. However, the cultivation of double cropping in the rice field was reluctant due to the late maturing for farmers to plant rice continuously. 'Hi-early', a winter oats for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘517A2-121’(IT133383) and ‘CI7604’ (IT133379). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon, Iksan and Jeonju, respectively. After preliminary and advance yield test for 2 years, ‘SO2004015-B-B-23-1-3-7’, designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri92’, were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four parts such as Jeju (upland), Yesan (upland), Iksan (upland), and Jeonju (paddy), from 2014 to 2016, and finally named as ‘Hi-early’. Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ has the characteristics of medium leaves of green color, thick diameter culm, and medium grain of brown color. Over 3 years, the heading date of ‘Hi-early’ was about 9 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’ (April 26 and May 5, respectively). Average forage fresh yield of ‘Hi-early’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was similar to check cultivar (40.2 tone ha-1 and 40.0 tone ha-1, respectively), and dry matter yield also was similar to check cultivar (14.2 tone ha-1 and 14.0 tone ha-1, respectively). Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ was lower than the check cultivar ‘Samhan’ in terms of the protein content (6.2% and 7.0%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (61.0%, and 62.5%, respectively), while the TDN yield was more than the check (7.91 tone ha-1 and 7.64 tone ha-1, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of ‘Hi-early’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -6°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

This study was conducted to investigate the feed value and silage quality according to storage period and film layers in whole crop oat silage. The crude protein content was increased in all silage during the storage periods compared to those before silage, under prolonged storage period slightly and the number of film layers of silage, six layer were higher than four layers, but no significant. NDF and ADF contents were also increased in all silage of storage duration compared to those before silage, but they was similar level between storage duration and number of film layers. TDN content was decreased of the storage duration. However, it was similar under the storage duration and the number of film layers. The pH value was decreased during prolonged storage period and six layers was lower than four layers depending on the film layers. In the organic acid contents, lactic acid and acetic acid were increased under the prolonged storage duration, and butyric acid was higher significantly(p<0.05), six layers of the film were showed higher lactic acid and lower butyric acid(p<0.05). Therefore, oat silage should be used within 6 months it was when treated with 4 layers, if considering the long-term storage, it is desirable to treat it with 6 layers or more.

A new barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar ‘Dachung’ having high forage yielding and good silage quality was developed at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2015. This cultivar was derived from a cross of the ‘Sunwoo’ and ‘Keunalbori1ho’ in 2002. And it’s promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance through the preliminary and advanced yield trials(PYT, AYT) at Iksan from 2010 to 2012. It was designated as the ‘Iksan479’. ‘Iksan479’ was conducted to regional yield trials(RYT) in six locations around Korea for three years from 2013 to 2015. And it was released as the name of ‘Dachung’. It has erect plant type, growth habit of IV and green leaf. In the paddy field its heading date was April 24 and maturing date was May 26, same day with ‘Youngyang’. Plant height of ‘Dachung’ was 99cm. Dachung’s spikes per m2 was 625. It has high rate of leaf blades, resistance to BaYMV(Barley Yellow Mosiac Virus) and better winter hardiness than that of ‘Youngyang’. The average dry matter of ‘Dachung’ was about 11.9 ton ha-1 in paddy field. And average feed quality of ‘Dachung’ was 9.0% of crude protein content, 31.3% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 54.4% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), 64.0% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients). ‘Dachung’ had grade I of silage quality. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -8℃ in January in Korean peninsula.

This experiment was conducted to obtain information of feed value and fermentative quality of wheat cultivar, ‘Taejoong’ to confirm availability as a whole crop silage. As a result, the heading date of ‘Teajoong’ is April 27, and plant height is longer than whole crop barley, ‘Youngyang’ or whole crop wheat, ‘Cheongwoo’, spike length are also large, fresh and dry matter yield are also high. In case of feed value, ‘Taejoong’ had higher crude protein content than whole crop barley, ‘Youngyang’ or whole crop wheat, ‘Cheongwoo’, lower NDF and ADF contents, and significantly higher digestible nutrient contents(p<0.05). In case of fermentation qulity, pH of ‘Taejoong’ was 4.2, and lactic acid content was lower than ‘Cheongwoo’ silage and significantly higher than ‘Youngyang’ silage(p<0.05). Acetic acid content was significantly lower than ‘Youngyang’ and ‘Cheongwoo’ silage(p<0.01), butyric acid content was significantly lower than that of ‘Youngyang’ silage (p<0.05). The final Flieg's score showed that ‘Taejoong’ silage was the best. Also income of ‘Taejoong’ improved than ‘Youngyang’ or ‘Cheongwoo’. Therefore, ‘Taejoong’ is considered sufficiently available as whole crop for forage.

The purpose of development new variety ‘Miho’ (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a favorite with livestock feed and develop varieties resistant to disease and lodging. ‘Miho’ was carrying out the growth habit of group Ⅲ with green and mid-wide leaf. Awn that is related to preference of livestock is a semi-smooth awn. This cultivar had 96 cm of culm length, 650 of spikes per m2. Heading date of ‘Miho’ was April 27, and maturing date on May 30, which were later than cultivar ‘Youngyang’. It also showed strong winter hardiness, and similar resistance to shattering and bariy yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compared with those of check one. The best thing among the traits of a good quality with the plant green at the latter growing period. The average forage dry matter yield in the regional yield trial was about 13.1, 12.1 MT per ha in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were 9%, 2% higher than that of the check cultivar. It’s also showed 6.8% crude protein, 27.1% ADF (acid detergent fiber), and 67.5% TDN (total digestible nutrients), including higher silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area whose average minimum temperature was above －8℃ January in Korean peninsula.

국내 자생종인 물오리나무(Alnus incana subsp. hirsuta(Spach) A. Lö ve & D. Lö ve)와 수우물오리(Alnus incana subsp. tchangbokii Chin S. Chang & H. Kim)는 형태학적인 차이로 식별 가능하지만, 유전학적인 차이는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 다만 플라보노이드 분석 자료와 DNA자료에 근거하여 수우물오리가 물오리나무의 배수체라는 가설이 제기된 바 있다. 이를 검증하기 위해 서울대학교 인근 관악산에서 물오리나무 21점, 수우물오리 24점의 잎을 채집하여 유동세포계수법(flow cytometry)을 통해배수성을 측정하였다. 그 결과 물오리나무는 2배체와 4배체가 나타난 반면, 수우물오리는 2배체만 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 기존의 가설과 달리 수우물오리의 형태학적 특성은 배수성에서 기인하는 것이아니며, 배수성을 통해 수우물오리와 물오리나무를 동정할 수는 없다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 물오리나무의배수성에 대해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriate amount of oats to add to rice and the merits of oat meal. We analyzed the physicochemical characteristics, cooking properties, functional components, and sensory evaluation according to the amount of oats added in the cooked rice. Compared with rice, the oat showed higher level in protein, fat, total β-glucan and total polyphenol, but not for starch. Therefore, the amount of chemical and functional components was increased significantly with the increase in the amount of oats added. Water absorption and expansion were decreased with the increase in the amount of oat added. Oleic acid content was increased and linoleic acid content was decreased slightly. Unsaturated fatty acid content was greatly increased. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased significantly according to the amount of oats added. As a result of sensory evaluation, the most appropriate amount of oat added was 20% and 30%. By the addition of oat, the β- glucan content of the cooked rice and the antioxidant activity could increase.

Twenty four covered barley cultivars of Korea and subsequently produced malts were evaluated for quality characteristics, diastatic power (DP), and enzymatic actvity. Protein, amylase, starch and β-glucan content of covered barley cultivars were 8.2-12.8%, 4.2-19.1%, 47.9-59.7%, and 4.1-7.4%, respectively. The DP of malt during malting showed a maximum value in Day 4, when the bud length was 2.0-2.5 times longer than the length of the grain itself. α-Amylase activity was very low but increased significantly after Day 4, showing greatest activity on Day 6 (185.5-206.1 unit/g). β-Amylase activity increased as the malting progressed and a considerable amount was detected in barley grain on Day 6 (898.6-1591.6 unit/g). The potential diastatic power (PDP) of various cultivar grains ranged from 89.7 °L to 169.3 °L. The PDP of raw barley had strong correlation with β-amylase of raw barley (r=0.977, p<0.001) while the DP of malted barley was also correlated with the β-amylase activity of raw barley (r=0.654, p<0.001). Since the PDP of raw barley and the DP of malted barley are correlated (r=0.644, p<0.001), the PDP and β-amylase activity of raw barley are useful factors in predicting the DP of malted barley.

본 연구는 국내 보리 재배시 보리그물무늬병 감염정도를 조사하여 지역과 연차간 종자 전염 발생 변 화와 기상 요인의 상관관계를 확인하기 위하여 수행하였다. 병징은 3월 5일부터 잎에 흑갈색의 작은 반 점들로부터 시작되어 보리의 출수기경에는 잎 전체가 고사되는 증상을 보였다. 감염 종자는 약한 붉은 색의 종피 변색을 나타내었다. 2조와 6조 겉보리 19품종을 시험한 결과 지역에 따라 종자 감염률이 차 이를 보였는데 평균 종자 감염률은 김제와 익산에서 각각 0.09-1.36%와 1.44-2.81%로 익산 지역에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, 6조 겉보리가 2조에 비해 병 감염에 의한 종자 감염률에 대해 저항성이 큰 것으로 나타났으며 보리그물무늬병에 의한 연차간 종자감염률의 변화를 보였다. 두 맥종에서 2012년 도에는 0.2%와 0.8%를 보였으나, 2013년도에는 1.4%와 2.8%로 높은 발생을 보였다. 이들 연차간 종자 감염률의 차이에 대한 평균기온과 강수량을 비교하였을때, 평균기온은 병 발생이 많았던 2013년도에 2012년에 비해 저온으로 경과하는 양상이었다. 강수량을 비교한 결과 2013년도에 2012년도에 비해 약 120mm 이상의 많은 강수량을 보였다. 이 결과에서 보리 신장기에서 등숙기까지 저온과 높은 강우시 병 발생에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

이 연구는 비닐겹수 및 저장기간 따른 청보리 사일리지 의 사료가치 및 사일리지 품질특성을 구명하고자 수행하였 다. 조단백질 함량은 저장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전에 비해 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 저장기간이 길어질수록 약 간 높은 값을 보였지만 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 비닐겹 수에 따라서는 6겹 처리한 처리구가 4겹보다 높은 경향이 었다. NDF와 ADF 함량은 저장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전보다 높은 경향을 보였고(p<0.05), 저장기간에 따라서는 비슷한 값을 나타냈다. 비닐 겹수에 따라서는 6겹 처리한 처리구가 4겹보다 더 높은 값을 나타냈다. TDN 함량은 저 장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전보다 낮은 경향을 보였고, 저장기간에 따라서는 비슷한 값을 보였다. 비닐겹수에 따 라서는 6겹에서 다소 낮은 값을 보였다. pH는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, 비닐겹수에 따라 서는 6겹에서 4겹보다 낮은 값을 보였다. 유기산 함량에서 는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 젖산함량은 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 초산함량은 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며 낙 산함량은 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 비 닐겹수에 따라서는 6겹에서 4겹보다 높은 젖산함량과 낮은 낙산함량을 보였다(p<0.05). 따라서 청보리 사일리지는 장 기저장을 할 경우에는 6겹으로 하는 것이 유리하고, 4겹으 로 처리했을 경우 6개월 안에 사용하는 것이 유리하다고 판단된다.

이 연구는 비닐겹수 및 저장기간 따른 청보리 사일리지의 사료가치 및 사일리지 품질특성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 조단백질 함량은 저장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전에 비해 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 저장기간이 길어질수록 약간 높은 값을 보였지만 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 비닐겹수에 따라서는 6겹 처리한 처리구가 4겹보다 높은 경향이었다. NDF와 ADF 함량은 저장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전보다 높은 경향을 보였고(p<0.05), 저장기간에 따라서는 비슷한 값을 나타냈다. 비닐 겹수에 따라서는 6겹 처리한 처리구가 4겹보다 더 높은 값을 나타냈다. TDN 함량은 저장기간 모두 사일리지 제조 전보다 낮은 경향을 보였고, 저장기간에 따라서는 비슷한 값을 보였다. 비닐겹수에 따라서는 6겹에서 다소 낮은 값을 보였다. pH는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, 비닐겹수에 따라서는 6겹에서 4겹보다 낮은 값을 보였다. 유기산 함량에서는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 젖산함량은 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 초산함량은 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며 낙산함량은 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 비닐겹수에 따라서는 6겹에서 4겹보다 높은 젖산함량과 낮은 낙산함량을 보였다(p<0.05). 따라서 청보리 사일리지는 장기저장을 할 경우에는 6겹으로 하는 것이 유리하고, 4겹으로 처리했을 경우 6개월 안에 사용하는 것이 유리하다고 판단된다.

Quality characteristics were evaluated for whole barley yogurt prepared with lactic acid bacteria combination such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilussei (1:1:1) with the addition of whole barley flour at 3%. The barley yogurt had lower pH, higher titratable acidity, and higher sugar content than control yogurt. The viable cell number of the barley yogurt was lower than the control yogurt. However, the viscosity and antioxidant activity of the barley yogurt were higher than those of the control yogurt. In up to 12 d of storage at 4oC, pH decreased while titratable acidity increased in both control yogurt and barley yogurt. The sugar content and brightness increased slightly. The viable cell number of the barley yogurt decreased during storage. However, the viable cell number of the barley yogurt met the standard suggested by the KFDA. Although the viscosity of the barley yogurt decreased, it corresponded to the required viscosity of a curd yogurt. Antioxidant activity slightly increased up to 9 d and then decreased, but the decrease of antioxidant activity was smaller in barley yogurt than in the control yogurt. During storage, there was no curd separation, change in scent, etc. Thus the storage quality of barley yogurt was relatively good.