This study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on quality of rye silage harvested at early heading stage. The nutritive values in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculated group showed similar results to control. The pH of rye silage in LAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (P<0.05). In addition, the content of lactic acid in LAB inoculation significantly increased (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in LAB treatments decreased. In addition, lactic acid bacterial counts in LAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that rye silage could be improved by LAB inoculation.

The present study analyzes the role of Lactic Acid Bacteria Mixture (LBM) on improving rye silage quality. Rye of four different stages (Booting, Heading, Flowering, and Late flowering) was collected and silage was prepared. The nutrient profile analysis of experimental silage groups showed no significant changes between control and LBM inoculation. Interestingly, the pH of rye silage in LBM treatments showed significant reduction than control (p<0.05) in all stages of rye silage. However, lowest pH (3.69) resulted on booting stage among other stages of rye. Subsequently significant lactic acid production was noted in all stages of LBM inoculation than control. Conversely maximum lactic acid production of (5.33%DM) was noted at booting stage followed by (4.86%DM) in heading stage. Further the lactic acid bacterial (LAB) count in LBM inoculated group showed significant increase than control. Similarly, the silage of booting stage group registered maximum LAB population (63.7 ×106CFU/g) after that heading stage (32.3 ×106CFU/g). Further significant reduction in yeast growth and no fungal growth was noted in all LPM treatment groups. Hence, LBM inoculants could be a better additive for improving rye silage quality.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages.The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

The nesting behavior, reproduction, fruit set and shape of O. cornifrons varied significantly with the released sex ratio of O. cornifrons. A female : male sex ratio of 1 : 2 was resulted in a 3.4 to 6.7 fold higher than other sex ratio in a nesting behavior. A ratio of 1 : 2 resulted in a 1.2-fold nesting rate, which was slightly higher than other nesting rates. Releasing only males resulted in a 2.4-fold greater amount of fruit set in non-pollinated sites. A sex ratio of 1 : 2 gave a slightly higher shape index and a 1.2 to 1.6-fold lower asymmetric index than other sex ratios. There was no significant difference between female release numbers in fruit set, and 100 to 200 females gave a slightly higher shape index than 400 females. Thus, we determined that 200 females should be released per 2,000㎡ and that the sex ratio of females to males should be 1 : 2.

We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.