As the number of enlistees decreases due to social changes like declining birth rates, it is necessary to conduct research on the appropriate recalculation of the force that considers the future defense sufficiency and sustainability of the Army. However, existing research has primarily focused on qualitative studies based on comprehensive evaluations and expert opinions, lacking consideration of sustained support activities. Due to these limitations, there is a high possibility of differing opinions depending on perspectives and changes over time. In this study, we propose a quantitative method to calculate the proper personnel by applying system dynamics. For this purpose, we consider a standing army that can ensure the sufficiency of defense between battles over time as an adequate force and use battle damage calculated by wargame simulation as input data. The output data is the number of troops required to support activities, taking into account maintenance time, complexity, and difficulty. This study is the first quantitative attempt to calculate the appropriate standing army to keep the defense sufficiency of the ROK Army in 2040, and it is expected to serve as a cornerstone for adding logical and rational diversity to the qualitative force calculation studies that have been conducted so far.

In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

There has not been any scientific analysis on appropriate size of workforce and salary for civilian workers in military so far. Thus, this paper conducted analysis on propriety in employment size of military doctrine researchers using system dynamic methodology based on annual military doctrine workload. Vensim software was mainly used to measure complement of the research group based on data from job analysis. Secondly, a multiple regression analysis was performed to study an appropriate wage for researchers based on their expertise and working condition. The data from twenty public research institutions and twenty eight job positions that are performing similar duty with military doctrine researchers was obtained and utilized to create a salary- estimation regression equation in the analysis. Finally, with cost-benefit analysis method this paper studied financial effectiveness of hiring military doctrine researchers. Contingent valuation method, which has been recognized as one of the most effective methodologies in cost-benefit analysis on intangible value, was utilized to measure benefit of hiring the researchers. The methodology presented in this paper can be applied to measure and improve the efficiency of military organization not only in military doctrine research area but also in several military functional area (military training, logistics, administration, combat development, and combat support).

Currently, cost estimation is very important to the government acquisition programs to support decisions about funding and to evaluate resource requirement as key decision points. Parametric cost estimating models have been used extensively to obtain appr

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics as manure additives on pathogen, mineral, carbon dioxide and methane emissions in pig slurry as a function of time and provide information about the importance of pig slurry management to pig producers. An experiment was a completely randomized design and four treatments: CON: no treatment (5 kg pig slurry), T1: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% bacillus subtilis, T2: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% yeast, T3: 5 kg pig slurry + 0.2% actinomycetales. All treatments were replicated three times. The results information that is analyzed includes the following: First, in spite of the lack of statistically significant differences, pH values and carbon dioxide were lowered (P < 0.05) in all probiotic treatments compared with the controls as a function of time. Second, all probiotic treatments had no effect on Salmonella enterica, mineral, and methane emission. The results of this study indicated that addition of 0.2% probiotic to pig slurry resulted in lower pH and carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon dioxide and methane emitted from pig slurry is not listed as noxious gases.