In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

Copper nanoparticles attract much attention as substitutes of noble metals such as silver and can help reduce the manufacturing cost of electronic products due to their lower cost and good conductivity. In the present work, the chemical reduction is examined to optimize the synthesis of nano-sized copper particles from copper sulfate. Sodium borohydride and ascorbic acid are used as reducing and antioxidant agents, respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as a size-control and capping agent. An appropriate dose of PEG inhibits the abnormal growth of copper nanoparticles, maintaining chemical stability. The addition of ascorbic acid prevents the oxidation of nanoparticles during synthesis and storage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to investigate the size of the synthesized nanoparticles and the coordination between copper nanoparticles and PEG. For chemical reduction, copper nanoparticles less than 100 nm in size without oxidized layers are successfully obtained by the present method.

Background : Coffee is one of the favorite brewed drink in the world where is distributed in Latin America, Southeast Asia, Southern Asia and Africa. Coffee has an effective antioxidant ability and reported about that. In this study, it was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to establish the method about content of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid in coffee. Methods and Results : Coffee was extracted with 70% EtOH in room temperature and evaporated at 45℃. All standard and sample extract were melted and diluted with 15% MeOH. Mobile phase was prepared using water with 0.01% phosphoric acid and MeOH. All standard and sample were analyzed with gradient elution (0 min : 15% MeOH, 35 min : 30% MeOH). The chromatograms were monitored at 272 and 320 ㎚. HPLC reported linear equation that based on the calibration curve for each standard compound (caffeine : Y = 1.04e + 004X – 3.21e + 003, R2 = 0.999890. chlorogenic acid : Y = 2.86e + 004X – 8.24e + 003, R2 = 0.999891. caffeic acid : Y = 2.07e + 004X – 1.21e + 004, R2 = 0.999894. p-coumaric acid : Y = 3.24e + 004X – 1.10e + 004, R2 = 0.999897). Standard compounds were determined with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The retention time of each peak of standard compounds were separated by chromatogram. Conclusion : In this study, we determined that the analysis method of compounds in coffee. In addition, we have confirmed that separation about the retention time of each peak of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in different solvent condition depending on acid buffer. This method can be use to determine standard compound in coffee.

Background : Oplopanax elatus Nakai. is distributed in Korea and China. In this study, we have used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare the internal standards contents [uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin (eleutheroside B) and scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin)], and compared the antioxidant activity. Methods and Results : Samples were prepared two different temperature conditions (90℃ and 100℃). Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard. Anti-oxidant activities were measured by determination of DPPH and reducing power assay. HPLC was reported as five standard compounds equivalent using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve. According to the results, the anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than that of Chinese in DPPH assay. However, the amount of internal compounds was higher in Chinese O. elatus Nakai.. The anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 100℃ water in DPPH assay. In this study, we had found that, at over the 100℃ temperature all the anti-oxidant effects of O. elatus Nakai. extracts were reduced. However, all five standard compounds were detected at similar value. Conclusion : These results suggests that Korean O. elatus Nakai. has higher anti-oxidant activities which can be use for bioactivity assay.

Background : Hippophae rhamnoides L. are known for antioxidant, immunodeficiency, skin protection, influenza infection and prevention of heart disease. This study was carried out to confirm the possibility of functional food by changing the antioxidant effect using H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts to the Gamju (sweet rice drink). Methods and Results : A total of 12 samples were made of different processes. Briefly, the H. rhamnoides L. leaf were extracted at 60℃ in two different conditions (EtOH 100%, water 100%). Gamju was fermented into three different koji (Aspergillus oryzae – red, yellow, black). In addition, The addition of H. rhamnoides L. leaf extracts were mixed in two ways (simultaneous saccharification, mixed after saccharification). Antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and reducing power assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this study, we found that Gamju mixed with H. rhamnoides L. leaf increased antioxidant effects and TPC than the control (original Gamju). Moreover, the anti-oxidant effects of the mixed H. rhamnoides L. leaf with Gamju after saccharification exhibited more activity than simultaneous saccharification in DPPH assay. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that samples of added to the H. rhamnoides L. leaf could be use as functional food.

Background : Arctium lappa L., Compositae plant, has been consumed as a vegetable and beverage in China, Taiwan, and Japan for a long time. Several studies have reported for the burdock to include antioxidant activity, hepato-protective efficacy, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects, anti-microbial and antiviral activity. Thus, A. lappa is considered a promising plant for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and AIDS and due to the increasing evidence of functional compounds contributions over a variety of health beneficial properties the A. lappa has received increasing scientific interest. The primary aim of the present study was determined antioxidant activities and analysis of standard compound in A. lappa. Methods and Results : There were five different solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH, 100% EtOH), extract in the room temperature. Comparatively, 70% EtOH extract showed higher values of DPPH radical scavenging activity than others. As the increasing of EtOH percentage contents, we confirmed increase total phenol and flavonoid contents. The 2,4-di-tert- butylphenol as standard compound was detected by HPLC analysis based on the calibration curve: equation : Y = 8.17e + 003X – 1.43e + 005, R2 = 0.996227. The amount of standard compounds were similar in all each different solvent conditions, but not detected in water extract. Conclusion : These results showed that A. lappa could be used as potential materials of antioxidant, and should be need more study.

Background : Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae) is such an antioxidant source which is a slimbing plant widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. The extracts of the dried fruits have been used for a long time as traditional Asian medicines to treat gonorrhea, erysipedas, inflammation and pharyngitis. It was also reported that F. suspensa was able to suppress vomiting, resist hepatic injure, inhibit of elastase activity, and exhibit diuretic, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-endotoxin and antiviral effects. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant and whitening effect of F. suspensa extract and fractions. Methods and Results : Firstly, extract the dried F. suspensa by methanol three times at room temperature and fraction for each solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured at 517 ㎚ by using a UV spectrophotometer. The gallic acid and quercetin were used as positive control of total phenol and flavonoid contents assay. Reducing power was conducted four concentration of samples and positive control, measured the absorbance at 700 ㎚. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest effect on DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents, and reducing power. On the other hand, the highest level of total flavonoid contents indicated in butanol fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction indicated the highest percentage of enzyme inhibition at the tested same concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that F. suspensa extract and ethyl acetate fraction could be utilized as a antioxidant. Further biological and phytochemical study is needed.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

Background : Mahonia nepalensis DC. has been used as folk medicine in Vietnam. However, its biological activities have not yet fully understood. In the present study, crude extract from Mahonia nepalensis DC. was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol (saturated of water). The extract and fractions of M. nepalensis DC., produced after a process of evaporating, were tested for anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods and Results : Total phenolic, total flavonoid contents of M. nepalensis DC. were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard, respectively. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem crude extract and fractions were also evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Results revealed that ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed the highest total phenolic content, as well as DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. Briefly, the highest level of total phenolic content (122.94 ± 4.93 ㎎·GAE/g) and reducing power (absorbance of 0.815 at 1 ㎎/㎖) was indicated in EtOAc fraction. It also possessed activity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 48.93 ± 0.59 ㎍/㎖), which was better than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 125.25 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖) and other fractions. In an anti-inflammatory response, the potential inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 cells were found in EtOAc and BuOH fractions. The NO production was below 20% at a dose manner of 100 ㎍/ ㎖. Results showed higher potential anti-inflammatory effect of M. nepalensis DC. than some plants. Hence, it could be developed as a useful agent for treating of inflammatory diseases. Conclusion : These results demonstrated the highly potential effect on anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of M. nepalensis DC. Therefore, further studies are necessary in order to explore the variety of M. nepalensis stem to be applied as a valuable natural material.

Background : Eleutheroside E (Syringaresinol-di-O-glucoside), one of the internal standard in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., showed effects on the anti-inflammation of arthritis and the decline in blood sugar. In this study, it was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find out the optimum experimental condition which indicated the highest content of eleutheroside E. Methods and Results: In total of 15 different experimental conditions were used to extract samples. Briefly, there were three different conditions in the temperature (room temperature, 70℃ and 100℃) and five solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH and 100% EtOH) were used. The extraction condition of all samples were extracted in every 4 hours and repeated three times with a reflux cooling system. The HPLC was reported as eleutheroside E standard equivalents using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve : equation : Y = 7.72e + 0.04X – 7.83e + 004, R2 = 0.999918. Among 15 conditions, eleutheroside E was obtained with the highest amount (10.36 ± 3.81 ㎎/g of extract) at 100% EtOH extracted and room temperature condition. In this study, the eleutheroside E content was increased with increasing of EtOH concentration. And it can be detected by heating at 100% water extraction condition. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that the experimental condition at room temperature in 100% EtOH could be used in further studies to obtain the highest content of eleutheroside E in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.