본 연구에서는 최근, 자연환경의 변화에 따른 생태계 예측과 지속가능한 개발과 보전의 정량적 근거 제시를 위해 전세계적으로 연구중요도와 활용도가 높아지고 있는 생태 조사연구 데이터의 정제와 표준화 및 서비스 방안에 대하여 제시하였다. 1997년부터 매 10년 단위로 전국을 대상으로 수행된 제2차, 제3차 전국자연환경조사 결과와 2014년부터 매 5년 단위로 수행된 제4차 전국자연환경조사 결과를 대상으로 전국자연환경조사 지침을 따라 별도 개발된 입력 오류 검증 프로그램을 통해 1차 정제 후 분야별 전문가의 검수를 거쳤다. 또한, 국내외 데이터 표준 사례들을 분석하여 국내의 자연환경과 생태조사 자료인 생태정보를 표준화하는 방안을 제시하였다. 전국자연환경조사 결과에 대해 (1) 조사자료인 데이터 용어의 표준화, (2) 유사한 유 형의 데이터 테이블 통합 및 (3) 불필요한 속성과 입력오류 를 제거하였고 (4) 현장 조사자 별로 상이한 입력항목의 단 일화, (5) 데이터를 일련번호 코드로 정리하고 (6) 입력항목 별 코드 매핑을 수행하였다. 연구결과, 연구자와 일반인들이 활용하기 쉽도록 전국자연환경조사 데이터를 정제하고 국내 최초의 생태데이터 표준안 마련의 기반을 수립하였다. 또한, 연구결과로 산출된 전국자연환경조사 데이터는 국내의 환경영향평가, 서식지 보전지역 설정, 멸종위기종 분포 예측, 기후변화에 따른 생태계 위험 예측은 물론, 국외 생태정보 연계 등에 손쉽게 공유 및 활용가능하여 다양한 환경정책수립과 관련 연구활성화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구를 통해 정제된 전국자연환경조사 데이터는 국립생태원에서 국내 최초로 개발중인 생태정보포털서 비스 시스템인 에코뱅크 (http://nie-ecobank.kr)를 통해 개 방하여 누구나 온라인상에서 쉽게 접근하고 활용할 수 있도록 하였다.

Ecological and ecosystem database is becoming very necessary to understand origins and relationship between human and nature and also to minimize disturbance caused by human activities. An ecological information portal can play important roles as a computing system to collect knowledge, distributed research findings and separated data from researchers. In this study, we designed and developed ecological information portal service (EcoBank 1.0) for collecting and providing ecological information for diverse classes of stakeholders. To reach the goal, we had reviewed related and comparable ecological database portals to design conceptual structure of EcoBank system including database management framework. Then, we developed some functions of ecosystem analysis for each stake-holders (researchers, general public and policy makers). As a result of this study, we successfully designed of EcoBank system covering the functions of Digital Object Identifier (DOI) publishing and data quality management process. Also, we (1) applied ecological indices for calculating biodiversity by administrative boundary for policy makers, (2) provided statistical information of econature map for general public and distribution characteristics of species for researchers. To make a successful establishment of EcoBank, we have to collect and build up related database and offer various and reliable ecological data consistently. We expect that the successful construction of EcoBank will help not only to accomplish sustainable development goals but also to raise the welfare of ecosystem in Korea.

Headwater streams provide various microhabitats, resulting in high diversity of macroinvertebrate community. In this study, we compared the differences of communities between two adjacent headwater streams (Jangjeon stream (GRJ; GRJ1-GRJ5) and Haanmi stream (GRH; GRH1-GRH3)) in Jungwang and Gariwang mountains, Gangwon-do and evaluated the effects of habitat condition to the macroinvertebrates community composition. In order to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and extract influential environmental factors, we applied to Cluster analysis (CA), Indicator species analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Total 33,613 individuals in 3 phyla, 5 classes, 13 orders, 51 families, and 114 taxa (genera or species) were collected. Gammarus sp. was dominant at the upper stream of GRJ, whereas Chironomidae spp. was abundant at GRH and the downstream of GRJ. The CA classified samples into six clusters (1-6) reflecting spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different between two adjacent streams. Sweltsa sp. 1, Psilotreta kisoensis, Rhyacophila shikotsuensis and Serratella setigera were identified as representative indicator species for clusters 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Similar to CA results, NMDS revealed the spatial and temporal differences of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the difference of community composition as well as microhabitat condition. Forest composition, proportion of boulders (>256 mm), and water velocity were main factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community composition.

도심 내 매미의 생태적 특성을 이해하기 위하여 총 31개 공원, 71개 방형구 내에서 여러 환경요인들(서식지유형, 미소서식지 환경)과 매미 종구성 및 발생량을 비교 분석하였다. 서식지 유형은 반경 500m의 토지피복 추출후, 산림 비율 기준으로 서식지 유형을 구분한 결과 도심형공원 및 주거지역이 산림형공원에 비해 말매미의 발생량이높게 나타났다. 토지피복도 및 방형구 내 미소서식지요인을 이용한 SOM 분석에서는 말매미가 도심 비율이 높고,고도가 낮을수록 많은 발생량을 보였으며, 애매미는 산림의 특성(고도, 토양유기물, 낙엽량 등)이 높은 지점에서많은 발생량을 보였다. 참매미와 유지매미는 초지, 수역 및 식생 비율이 높은 곳에서 많은 발생량을 보였다. 결론적으로서식지 유형, 미소서식지 환경은 매미의 종 구성 및 발생량의 차이를 야기 시킨다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 도심내 매미의 효율적 서식지 관리를 위한 자료로 활용 가능할 것이다.

여름곤충인 매미는 환경변화(예:도시화, 온난화)에 민감한 종으로 도심환경을 반영하는 대표적인 도심 생물로 알려져 있다. 그러나, 국내에서는 도심 환경요인과 매미의 생태적 특성을 이해하기 위한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 도심 인공성 정도에 따른 매미 종 구성 및 발생량의 변화를 분석하였다. 자료는 총 32개 지점 71개 방형구에서 2016년 6월 3주부터 8월 4주까지 주 단위로 탈피각 수거 및 환경요인을 측정하였다. 또한 도심 인공성 정도를 측정하기 위하여 조사시점 반경 500m의 토지피복을 추출하고, 산림의 비율에 따라 3가지 유형(도심형공 원, 산림형공원, 주거지역)으로 구분하였다. 그 결과, 유형화된 3개의 서식지 유형은 고도, 수관피복, 식생구조, 낙엽량 등 서식지 환경특성이 유의한 차이를 보였다. 도심형공원과 주거지역에서 말매미 발생이 높은 반면, 산림형공원 은 말매미의 발생량이 낮게 나타났다. 한편 애매미, 소요산매미 등은 비록 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 산림형공원에서 상대적으로 높은 발생량을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, we explain the environmental variables that mainly influence the spatial and seasonal pattern of Galerucella nipponensis in 38 wetland and stream located at mid-low Nakdong River. G. nipponensis were found at total of 32 wetland, was strongly positively correlated with the biomass of Trapa japonica (t=2.173, r2=0.013, p<0.05). In result of seasonal distribution during 3 years, the largest density of G. nipponensis adult were observed in summer (7~8 months), egg and larva was recorded in only early spring (4~5 months). Rainfall were negatively related with the seasonal distribution of G. nipponensis. They were more abundant in dry season (2015 year) than rainy seasons (2013~2014 year). Stable isotope analysis showed that the G. nipponensis consumed as food source no submerged leaf of T. japonica than other plant. However, utilization of T. japonica on Galerucella nipponensis were not influence to plant biomass and/or species composition in vegetated bed. Those considered as adaptive strategies for sustainable habitat maintenance that because T. japonica use as not only food source but also their lives for G. nipponensis.

일반적으로 한라산과 같은 산지는 저지대에 비해 식생, 지형 등의 자연환경이 고도와 경사에 따라 급격하게 변화하 기 때문에 특정 환경에 적응한 동물들이 환경에 대한 다양 한 특징을 나타내고 있다(Lomolino, 2001). 일반적으로 곤 충은 환경조건에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있 으며(Kim, 1988), 특히, 딱정벌레류의 대부분 곤충들은 서 식지 변화, 하층식생과 낙엽량, 숲의 나이와 토지 조건, 온도 와 습도 변화 등의 환경변화에 매우 민감하여 산림의 형태 에 따라 분포하는 종이 달라지기 때문에 고립된 상태 또는 제한된 공간 내에서 특정 종의 급격한 변화는 그 지역의 환경변화를 반영함으로 기후와 서식지 등의 변화를 분석할 수 있는 환경지표성 곤충으로 인식되고 있다(Thiele, 1977; Maclean et al., 1992; Niemela et al., 1993; Ishitani and Yano, 1994; Butterfield et al., 1995; Ings and Hartley, 1999; Magura et al., 2000; Niemela et al., 2000; Koivula and Niemelä 2002; Melnychuk et al., 2003; Rainio and Niemela, 2003; Argyropoulou et al., 2005; Ohsawa, 2005; Apigian et al., 2006; Avgin, 2006; Sandoval et al., 2007; Žiogas and Vaičikauskas, 2007; Timmetal., 2009; Riley and Browne, 2011). 국내에서도 이러한 환경변화에 대한 딱정벌레 이용 연구의 중요성을 인식하여 고도, 식생 등 환 경변화에 대한 종 다양도 및 풍부도 분석, 계절에 따른 개체 군 변동, 지역적인 발생과 변화 등에 관한 연구가 수행되고 있다(Park et al., 1997; Jung et al., 2005; Yeon et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2006; Jung et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Oh et al., 2011). 본 연구는 한라산국립공원에 서식하는 딱정벌레의 월별· 계절별 분포 특성을 파악하기 위해 성판악(750m)에서부터 시작하여 정상인 백록담(1950m)과 어리목(970m)에 이르 는 동서길이 약 18km구간에서 23개 조사구에 Pit-fall trap 을 설치하고 2010년 5월부터 10월까지 월 4회씩 설치 및 수거를 하였다. 조사결과 분포가 확인된 딱정벌레류는 총 16과 71종(14,405개체)으로 딱정벌레과가 22종(30.99%)으 로 가장 많고, 검정풍뎅이과 10종(14.08%), 송장벌레과 9종 (12.68%), 잎벌레과와 소똥구리과 각 6종(8.45%), 방아벌 레과 3종(4.23%) 등의 순으로 나타났다. 조사시기별 종 다 양성은 6월에 43종으로 가장 많은 종이 출현하였고, 8월(32 종), 7월(30종), 10월(25종), 9월(23종), 5월(21종) 순으로 나타났다. 출현 개체수는 10월 4,575개체, 9월 4,065개체 순으로 많았고, 5월 561개체로 적었다. 군집분석 결과, 종다 양도(H')와 종균등도(EI)는 7월(H'=2.448, EI=0.720)이 가 장 높고, 종풍부도(EI)는 6월에 5.229로 가장 높게 나타났 다. 반면 종다양도와 종균등도는 10월(H'=0.695, EI=0.216), 풍부도는 9월(RI=2.647)에 가장 낮게 나타났다. 시기별 출 현종을 분석한 결과 윤납작먼지벌레의 연간 2세대가 발생 하는 종임을 재확인하였다. 또한 분류군에 따라 출현시기에 차이가 있는데 이는 한라산국립공원에 출현하는 딱정벌레 목 곤충들 사이에 공간적, 시간적 출현과 먹이자원의 이용 에 있어 서로 경쟁을 피하며 공존할 수 있는 여건이 형성되 어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 아열대 기후로 인해 이국적이고 다양한 식생들이 수직 분포를 잘 나타내고 있고, 많은 기생화산들 과 분화구 및 고산 습지와 고산초지대 등 다양한 환경으로 다른 공원에 비하여 동․식물들이 다양하고 풍부하며 자연환 경도 비교적 잘 보전되어 있는 한라산국립공원지역에서 딱 정벌레의 월별·계절별 분포특성을 조사하여 향후 환경변화 에 대비한 한라산국립공원의 안정된 자연생태계를 유지 관 리하는데 필요한 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다.

In order to understand the relationship between the distribution of epilithic diatoms and the habitual environments, land-use, water qualities, and epilithic diatoms were studied at 141 sampling sites in the midwestern stream of Korean peninsula (Geum river, Mangyeong river, Dongjin river, and Sapgyo river). The total 183 diatom taxa was appeared in the study, while the dominant species were found to be Nitzschia palea (10.9%) and Achnanthes convergens (8.4%). Based on the abundance of epilithic diatoms, a cluster analysis results indicate that the sampling sites divided the sampling sites into 4 groups (G) at the 25% level. In term of geographic and aquatic environments, G-I and -II accounted for the upper and mid streams of the Geum river, and had large forest areas and good in water quality. G-III accounted for farmland and urban, and high concentration nutrient levels (TN and TP) and electric conductivity. G-IV accounted for mostly farmland, and high levels in turbidity, BOD, nutrient and electric conductivity. CCA results showed that the saproxenous taxa Meridion circulare was the indicator species of G-I, which strongly influenced by altitude and forests. In G-II, the indifferent taxa Navicula cryptocephala was influenced by Chl-a, AFDM, and DO. In G-III and -IV, the indifferent taxa Fragilaria elliptica and saprophilous taxa Aulacoseira ambigua were influenced by electric conductivity, turbidity, and nutrient counts. Meanwhile, random forest results showed that the predicting factor of indicator species appearance in G-I, -II, and -III was found to be electric conductivity whereas in G-IV it was found to be turbidity. Collectively, the distribution of diatoms in the midwestern of Korean peninsula was found to depend more on the land-use and its subsequent water qualities than the inherent characteristics of the aquatic environment.

In this study, we evaluated the temporal changes of water quality in the 90 reservoirs in Korea and the relationships between water quality and their environmental factors in the reservoirs for effective management of reservoirs. The majority of study reservoirs were categorized as the eutrophic state based on Carlson’s trophic index. Among 90 reservoirs, more than 55.0% were nutrient-rich based on TSITP in each month, where more than 50.0% were nutrient-rich based on TSIChl-a from June to November. Seasonal Mann- Kendall test was used to analyze temporal variation of water quality in the selected 60 reservoirs using monthly data from 2004 to 2008. The results showed that 27 (45.0%) reservoirs showed the improvement of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, while 14 (23.3%) and 11 (18.3%) reservoirs displayed the degradation of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, a self-organizing map classified the study reservoirs into five groups based on differences of hydrogeomorphology (altitude, catchment area, bank height, lake age, etc.). Physicochemical factors and land use/cover types showed clear differences among groups. Finally, hydrogeomorphology of reservoirs were related to water quality, indicating that the hydrogeomorphological characters strongly affect water quality of reservoirs.

This work describes identification of essential considerations when we develop OMS/MP for the shipboard weapon systems. It is compulsory to develop OMS/MP which describes quantity of what mode to have and how often to operate. In this point of view, relat

This work describes the process to integrate human factors into the defense acquisition program management. Human Factors Integration(HFI) is a systematic process for identifying, tracking and resolving human related issues ensuring a balanced development of both technologies and human aspects of capability. To do this, this paper researches the defense acquisition program management of US and UK, and identifies the products of HFI domains through the analysis of relationship between the considerations of HFI domains. It also defines the HFI purposes of the phases of defense acquisition program, and derives HFI activities required. From results of this comprehensive analysis, HFI process in the concept phase including the activities and relationship between HFI domains is presented.

A new cost-effective atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, known as Proximity-Scan ALD (PS-ALD) was developed and its benefits were demonstrated by depositing Al2O3 and HfO2 thin films using TMA and TEMAHf, respectively, as precursors. The system is consisted of two separate injectors for precursors and reactants that are placed near a heated substrate at a proximity of less than 1 cm. The bell-shaped injector chamber separated but close to the substrate forms a local chamber, maintaining higher pressure compared to the rest of chamber. Therefore, a system configuration with a rotating substrate gives the typical sequential deposition process of ALD under a continuous source flow without the need for gas switching. As the pressure required for the deposition is achieved in a small local volume, the need for an expensive metal organic (MO) source is reduced by a factor of approximately 100 concerning the volume ratio of local to total chambers. Under an optimized deposition condition, the deposition rates of Al2O3 and HfO2 were 1.3 Å/cycle and 0.75 Å/cycle, respectively, with dielectric constants of 9.4 and 23. A relatively short cycle time (5~10 sec) due to the lack of the time-consuming "purging and pumping" process and the capability of multi-wafer processing of the proposed technology offer a very high through-put in addition to a lower cost.

Background : Oplopanax elatus Nakai. is distributed in Korea and China. In this study, we have used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare the internal standards contents [uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin (eleutheroside B) and scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin)], and compared the antioxidant activity. Methods and Results : Samples were prepared two different temperature conditions (90℃ and 100℃). Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard. Anti-oxidant activities were measured by determination of DPPH and reducing power assay. HPLC was reported as five standard compounds equivalent using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve. According to the results, the anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than that of Chinese in DPPH assay. However, the amount of internal compounds was higher in Chinese O. elatus Nakai.. The anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 100℃ water in DPPH assay. In this study, we had found that, at over the 100℃ temperature all the anti-oxidant effects of O. elatus Nakai. extracts were reduced. However, all five standard compounds were detected at similar value. Conclusion : These results suggests that Korean O. elatus Nakai. has higher anti-oxidant activities which can be use for bioactivity assay.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.