In 2020, the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities was investigated in the Sohan stream, an ecological and landscape conservation area, and the results were compared with the previous research conducted in 2011. In total, 42 species (two phyla, three classes, and seven orders) were found in the Sohan stream. Species richness and abundance sharply decreased at all sampling sites because of Typhoons Haishen and Maysak in 2020, which had a direct impact on the stream. In the functional feeding group, the ratio of collector-gatherers was the highest at all sampling sites. However, during the autumn season, the shredder ratio increased from 13.4% to 42.4% in the uppermost stream site. Compared with the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates surveyed in 2011, a total of 53 species (two phyla, three classes, and eight orders) were found. The percentage of species richness and abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera was more than 50% both in 2011 and 2020. Only the richness of Ephemeroptera was significantly different between them (2011: 2.9 and 2020: 6.7). In this study, the abrupt changes of species richness and abundance in benthic macroinvertebrate were not observed before and after the designation of an ecological and landscape conservation area. However, it is necessary to monitor benthic macroinvertebrates in order to confirm that biodiversity is continuously maintained long after the designation of the ecological and landscape conservation area.

Headwater streams provide various microhabitats, resulting in high diversity of macroinvertebrate community. In this study, we compared the differences of communities between two adjacent headwater streams (Jangjeon stream (GRJ; GRJ1-GRJ5) and Haanmi stream (GRH; GRH1-GRH3)) in Jungwang and Gariwang mountains, Gangwon-do and evaluated the effects of habitat condition to the macroinvertebrates community composition. In order to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and extract influential environmental factors, we applied to Cluster analysis (CA), Indicator species analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Total 33,613 individuals in 3 phyla, 5 classes, 13 orders, 51 families, and 114 taxa (genera or species) were collected. Gammarus sp. was dominant at the upper stream of GRJ, whereas Chironomidae spp. was abundant at GRH and the downstream of GRJ. The CA classified samples into six clusters (1-6) reflecting spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different between two adjacent streams. Sweltsa sp. 1, Psilotreta kisoensis, Rhyacophila shikotsuensis and Serratella setigera were identified as representative indicator species for clusters 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Similar to CA results, NMDS revealed the spatial and temporal differences of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the difference of community composition as well as microhabitat condition. Forest composition, proportion of boulders (>256 mm), and water velocity were main factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community composition.

In this study, we investigated the response of freshwater oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, to the water temperature changes and the differences of substrate composition in a laboratory condition. The changes of body shape were observed in a test cage according to the water temperature change ranging from 10℃ to 30℃ with 2℃ interval every 10 minutes. The substrate preference was observed with four different substrate composition from silt-clay to coarse sand. Our results displayed that T. tubifex preferred substrates with the smallest particle size (<0.063 mm). The water temperature influenced on the activity and body shape of T. tubifex, showing low activity with the coiled and constricted body shapes at lower temperature and high activity with relaxed linear body shapes at higher temperature.

Oligochaetes distribute widely in freshwater ecosystem, and some species are used as bioindicators for water quality assessment because they are tolerant to organic enrichment. They are acknowledged for potential for environmental health recovery of organic polluted environment. There are a lot of studies on ecology and toxicity assessment using oligochaetes in aquatic environment. In this study, we reviewed literature on ecotoxicology of aquatic oligochaetes. We searched literature from a database ‘google scholar’ by using keywords such as aquatic, oligochaete, and toxicity. The literature were summarized according to publication years, species, test methods, and chemicals. We obtained 133 articles published from 1953 to 2015 from the database. Among them, 58 papers (43.6% of total) have been published in 1990s. Three species (Lumnbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex, and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) have been used most frequently in the study. Different species displayed different toxicological responses to different toxic chemicals. The results on the ecotoxicological study with aquatic oligochaetes revealed the possibility of the development for early warning system using aquatic oligochaetes to monitor aquatic ecosystem disturbance.

실지렁이는 다양한 수환경에서 서식하며 일반적으로 유기물 퇴적이 많은 곳에서 군체를 형성하여 서식한다. 실지렁이(Tubifex tubifex)는 유기물 오염에 대한 내성이 강하여 수질 오염도의 지표종으로 전세계적으로 널리 적용되고 있다. 실지렁이를 이용한 생태독성 연구, 유기물 분해능에 대한 연구는 오래전부터 수행되어 왔으나 상대적으로 기초 행동에 대한 연구가 미진하다. 수온은 수생생물들의 발생, 생장, 활동에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 요인 중의 하나이다. 이에, 이 연구에서는 다양한 수온 조건에서 실지렁이의 활동성 및 하상 선호도를 비교하였다. 수온은 10 ℃에서 30 ℃까지 2℃ 간격으로 증가시키면서 실지렁이의 행동을 관찰하였다. 형태적 변화는 활동성 변화를 대변해 주며 낮은 온도조건(예, 10 – 14 ℃)의 경우 T. tubifex는 몸을 수축하고 있으나 온도가 증가함에 따라 수축된 몸이 길게 이완 되었다. 전반적으로 16 – 18 ℃에서 대부분의 T. tubifex 개체들이 몸이 이완되었으며 24 ℃이상에서는 몸을 길게 펼쳐진 형태가 주로 지속되었다. 다양한 하상 조건 중에서 하상에 관계없이 항상 가장 작은 하상에서 가장 높은 밀도를 보여 하상크기가 작은 것을 선호하는 특성을 보였다. 아크릴 수조에 silt(<0.0625mm), very fine + fine(0.0625 - 0.25), medium(0.25-0.5), coarse(0.5-1) sand를 제공한 경우 silt에서 가장 높은 밀도를 보였다.

생물학에서 마르코브 프로세스 (Markov processes)는 DNA 서열, 생태계 천이 등 복잡하며 연속된 서열 자료를 분석하기 위해 사용되어져 왔다. 특히 은닉마르코프모델(Hidden Markov Model; HMM)은 관찰 가능한 시계열 자료(observable event)가 가진 상태(hidden state)의 변화를 예측하기 위해 사용되었다. 본 연구에서는 2012년 5월부터 12월까지 영등포구 일대 토지 피복/이용(주거지역, 상업지역, 문화체육, 공공시설, 초지, 내륙습지, 나지, 내륙수, 공업지역, 교통지역) 정도가 다른 12 지점에서 관측된 모기 발생량을 예측하기 위하여 HMM을 사용하였다. 추가적으로 3개의 기상 관측소에서 측정된 기상요인(온도, 습도, 풍속, 강수량, 일사량, 일조량)이 관찰 자료로 사용되었다. 모기 발생의 정도를 HMM의 상태(state)로 지정하고 동일한 값의 시작 전이확률(transition probability matrix; TPM)을 적용하였다. 그리고 앞서 제시된 기상요인과 출현 정도의 관계인 출력 전이확률 (emission probability matrix; EPM)을 지정하여 HMM(100 iteration)에 적용하였다. 모델을 통해 예측된 전이확률을 통해 각 기상요인에 따른 모기 발생 확률의 측정이 가능했다. 또한 발생단계에 따라 기상요인이 가지는 예측 확률이 계산되었다. 또한 토지 피복 상태에 따라 높은 예측 확률을 보이는 기상인자의 추출이 가능하였다.

In this study, we evaluated the temporal changes of water quality in the 90 reservoirs in Korea and the relationships between water quality and their environmental factors in the reservoirs for effective management of reservoirs. The majority of study reservoirs were categorized as the eutrophic state based on Carlson’s trophic index. Among 90 reservoirs, more than 55.0% were nutrient-rich based on TSITP in each month, where more than 50.0% were nutrient-rich based on TSIChl-a from June to November. Seasonal Mann- Kendall test was used to analyze temporal variation of water quality in the selected 60 reservoirs using monthly data from 2004 to 2008. The results showed that 27 (45.0%) reservoirs showed the improvement of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, while 14 (23.3%) and 11 (18.3%) reservoirs displayed the degradation of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, a self-organizing map classified the study reservoirs into five groups based on differences of hydrogeomorphology (altitude, catchment area, bank height, lake age, etc.). Physicochemical factors and land use/cover types showed clear differences among groups. Finally, hydrogeomorphology of reservoirs were related to water quality, indicating that the hydrogeomorphological characters strongly affect water quality of reservoirs.

본 연구는 강원도 태백시에 위치한 황지천의 장기모니터링을 위한 수변식물상 조사를 수행한 결과 65과 158속 203종 2아종 18변종으로 총 223분류군으로 확인되었다. 과별로 보면 국화과(30분류군), 벼과(19분류군), 장미과(15분류군), 콩과(12분 류군) 순으로 높게 나타난다. 이 중 특산식물은 4분류군이다. 멸종위기 및 적색목록종은 출현하지 않았다. 식물구계학적 특정 식물은 Ⅳ등급 3분류군, Ⅲ등급 4분류군, Ⅱ등급 7분류군, Ⅰ등급 8분류군으로 총 22분류군이다. 귀화식물은 28분류군으로 귀화율 12.5%, 도시화지수 8.7%를 나타났다. 용도에 따른 분류는 식용 166종(74.4%), 약용 187종(83.8%), 향료용 9종(4.0%), 산업용 99종(44.3%), 관상용 106종(47.5%), 복원용 84종(37.6%), 사료/퇴비용 112종(50.2%), 용도미상 5종(2.2%) 등으로 구분 되었다. 이러한 조사 연구를 통해 하천정화시설의 설치 전과 후의 식물상 및 식생변화에 대한 척도를 확보하고 종합적인 관리를 위한 장기 모니터링 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.