Bee pollen have been used for centuries as a kind of traditional medicine and food diets additive due to their nutritional and biological properties. The present study was to evaluate the biological features of ethanol extracts of 18 different bee pollen (EEBP) samples collected from 16 locations of South Korea. Our results indicated most of the EEBP samples showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, inhibitory activities against human β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme (BACE-1), and antiproliferative activities towards five cancer cell lines. However, these EEBP samples did not present human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities, and intestinal bacteria growth inhibitory activities.

The American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961 (Acari: Pyroglyphidae), is recognized as an important source of allergens in the domestic environment. An assessment was made of the toxicity of constituents from essential oil of cade, Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae), and related compounds as well as four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (10–40 g/liter sprays) to adult D. farinae. In a contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, methyleugenol (24-h LC50,5.82 μg/cm2) and guaiacol (8.24 μg/cm2) were the most toxic constituents to the mites and the toxicity of these constituents and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly.

Toxicities of 10 insecticides were examined against late third instars of Culex tritaeniorhynchus using the direct-contact mortality bioassay. Six geospatially distant field mosquitoes were collected from Chuncheon-si (designated CC-CT), Hwaseong (HS-CT), Seosan (SS-CT) Jeonju (JJ-CT), Daegu (DG-CT), and Busan (BS-CT) in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Marked regional variations of insecticide susceptibility were observed. Field populations of SS-CT, JJ-CT and DG-CT from agricultural areas showed higher to extremely higher insecticide susceptibility to pyrethroids than those of CC-CT, HS-CT and BS-CT strains from none agricultural areas. Extremely high to low levels of susceptibility were measured: bifenthrin, susceptible ratio (SR) = 2.7–896.3; β-cyfluthrin, SR = 1.8–633.3; α-cypermethrin, SR = 1.2–1,051.9; deltamethrin, SR = 1.3–711.1; permethrin, SR = 1.5–1,053.4 etofenprox, SR = 2.2–29.3; chlorfenapyr, SR = 5.1–103.6; chlorpyrifos, SR = 2.3–337.0; fenitrothion, SR = 2.0–142.3 and fenthion, SR = 1.4–186.2. Culex tritaeniorhynchus populations from rice paddies had been under heavy selection pressure due to the agricultural insecticides and that’s why the mosquito species demonstrated high resistance to pyrethroids which were used for a long time to control agricultural pests in the localities. These results indicate that careful selection and rotational use of these insecticides mayresult in continued satisfactory control against field populations of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of 12 insecticides, three essential oils and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) alone or in combination with the oil major constituents, (E)-anethole (AN), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and eugenol (EU), to third instars from bamboo forest collected Aedes albopictus and rice paddy field collected Anopheles sinensis resistant to various groups of insecticides. The toxicity of the test insecticides, essential oils and binary mixtures of Bti and the oil constituents (1:1 ratio) was evaluated using a direct-contact mortality bioassay. Binary mixtures of B.t.i. and CA, AN or EU were significantly more toxic against Ae. albopictus larvae (LC50, 0.0084, 0.0134 and 0.0237 mg/l) and An. sinensis larvae (0.0159, 0.0388 and 0.0541 mg/l) than either B.t.i. (1.7884 and 2.1681 mg/l) or CA (11.46 and 19.43 mg/l), AN (16.66 and 25.11 mg/l) or EU (24.60 and 32.14 mg/l) alone. Based on the co-toxicity coefficient (CC) and synergistic factor (SF), the three binary mixtures operated in a synergy pattern (CC, 140.7–368.3 and SF, 76–213 for Ae. albopictus CC, 75.1–245.3 and SF, 40–136 for An. sinensis).The binary mixtures of Bti and essential oil constituents described, particularly (E)-cinnamaldehyde, merit further study as potential mosquito larvicides for the control of malaria vector mosquito populations in light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the aquatic environment.

The emulsion and micro-encapsuled formulation from three essential oils, cassia, thyme white and lemon grass were tested for their insecticidal activities against Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) adults at 0.3% concentration. As a result, the micro-encapsules than emulsion formulation was confirmed to show greater activity. Based on this result, insecticidal activities at several levels of concentration were examined, resulting in more than 80% insecticidal activity after 30 minutes at 0.6% level of cassia formulation. And also, insecticidal activity of three oil-based micro-encapsuled formulations lasted for up to 12 hours at 0.9% concentration. The main ingredients derived from three essential oils were evaluated on the insecticidal activity against Lycoriella ingenua. As a result, in case of thymol from thyme white, it showed more than 80% mortality after over 30 minutes at 0.25%, and in cinnamic aldehyde and citral, exhibited 88% and 82% mortality after 30 minutes at the 0.5% level, respectively. These three compounds were examined for whether the insecticidal activity was maintained depending on being over time. In case of thymol, it maintained good insecticidal activity against Lycoriella ingenua at 0.5% level until 120 hours, while cinnamic aldehyde and citral showed lower activity after 12 hours.

Field research was undertaken for recovering mosquito larval mermithid parasite, Romanomermis species in rice fields in 54 different areas in period of May through October, 2009. Of 54 area rice fields surveyed, Romanomermis sp. recoveries were made from 4 areas. 32 Anopheles mosquito larvae, malaria disease vector were infected and died from samples collected in Pochon area, and a total of 10 Culex mosquito larvae, house frequenting mosquito were infected to death in 3 different areas, Gimpo, Sangju and Gurae, respectively. On the basis of positive natural infection record, an intensive host-parasite occurrences and/or population study was surveyed in foci area of Pochon in small pond (P) and Rice paddies (A and B) during 5 months till end of October. The natural mermithid infection was continuously occurred from June through October in weekly samples, however the rate of infection was appeared higher in June-July, thereafter the rate gradually decreased in progress of the season. The highest natural infection rate was observed from the Pond 9.1% followed by Rice paddy "A" 5.2%, Rice paddy "B" 2.4%, respectively. Including 2 other Rice paddies "C" and "D", a total mosquito larvae collected was 3,270, an overall average natural infection rate was recorded as 3.7% (121 Anopheles mosquito larvae infected).

In the previous study, the plant essential oils such as clove bud , thyme white and garlic oils gave potent toxicity with the range of 1.5 to 4.5×10-3 ul cm-3 of LC50 values against Bemisia tabaci. Based on the bio-assay results, three plant essential oils(clove bud, thyme white and garlic) were applied to 30% emulsion type. The 100, 200 and 400 fold dilution of these emulsions was showed mild toxicity under port scale treatment against Q biotype. At each fold dilution, clove bud showed 44, 26 and 14%, and thyme white produced 44, 39 and 27%, respectively. Of garlic emulsion, its toxicity was evaluated with 27, 26 and 11%, respectively. But, in case of clove bud and thyme white mixture, their toxicity was more good under the mixture than under the single treatment. Mixture with clove bud 200 fold dilution adding to thyme white 200 fold dilution showed potent activity with 86% mortality. And also 200 adding to 400, and 400 to 400 exhibited 61%, 76%, respectively. These essential oil mixtures showed similar strong toxicity against B biotype under port scale test. In particular, the mixture with clove bud 200 fold dilution adding to thyme white 200 fold dilution showed the highest synergistic effect. Toxicity to plants, except the 100 fold dilution of these emulsions was not observed.

Five field-collected populations (TR-CP, UR-CP, JR-CP, GR-CP, and BR-CP colonies) of northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens, identified by polymer chain reaction (PCR) were tested for susceptibility to 10 different insecticides by direct-contact mortality bioassay in comparison with an insecticide-susceptible KS-CP strain. Marked regional variations of insecticide susceptibility were observed. Extremely high to high levels of resistance were obtained: bifenthrin, resistance ratio (RR) = 1–520; β-cyfluthrin, RR = 16–397; α -cypermethrin, RR = 9–343; deltamethrin, RR = 1–40; etofenprox, RR = 2–42; permethrin, RR = 2–12; chlorpyrifos, RR = 2–675; fenitrothion, RR = 0.5–364; and fenthion, RR = 2–360. All of the colonies were susceptible to one or more of the insecticides examined. These results indicate that careful selection and rotational use of these insecticides should result in continued satisfactory control against field populations of northern house mosquito.

The larvicidal activity of materials from Ostericum koreanum (Apiaceae) root against late 3rd or early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens was examined using standard WHO technique under laboratory conditions. Results were compared with those of temephos. The biologically active constituents of O. koreanum root were characterized as four coumarines; isoimperatorin (I), osthol (II), oxypeucedanin (III) and imperatorin (IV) by spectroscopic analysis, including EI-MS, LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of 24-hr LC50 values, osthol among these four coumarines was the most toxic against Ae. aegypti (1.97 ppm) and Cx. pipiens pallens (1.87 ppm) larvae, but its activity was less than temephos (0.0047 and 0.013 ppm, respectively). LC50 values of isoimperatorin, oxypeucedanin and imperatorin derived from O. koreanum root against Ae. aegypti larvae were 2.46, 6.92 and 2.17 ppm, and against Cx. pipiens pallens larvae, were 1.99, 5.04 and 3.68 ppm. The results indicate that both materials and coumarines from O. koreanum root have potential to be used for mosquito control.

아프리카 나이제르산 13관 21종 식물체의 부위별로 채집된 31 시료 메탄올 추출물의 벼멸구에 대한 살충활성 및 점박이이응애에 대한 살비활성을를 가각 미량국소처리법과 잎침지법으로 조사한 결고, 시료의 부위 및 종에 따라 살충 및 살비활성에 커다란 차이를 보였다. Caesalpinacras과의 Cassia occidentalis와 Cassia tora 전부위 및 Mimosaceas 과의 Prosopis chinensts줄기의 메탄올 추출물은 벼멸구에 대해서 강한 살충활성을 보인 반면, 비름과의 Celosia trigyna 전부위, Combretaceae과의 Combretum glutinotum 잎과 Combretum micronthum 전부위 및 Prosopis chinensis 잎과 열매의 메탄올 추출물은 점박이응애에 대해 강한 살비활성을 나타내었다

전국 8개 지역별 각 사과원에서 채집된 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)에 대한 저항성 정도를 일본 감수성 계통과 비교한 결과 지역별 현저한 감수성 차이를 보였다. Azocyclotin, fenpropathrin, propargite 및 abamectin에 대해서는 낮거나 중간 정도의 저항성을, dicofol, fenpyroximate 및 pyridaben에 대해서는 높은 저항성을 나타내었다. 이들 계통은 한종 또는 두종 이상의 약제에 대해 감수성을 보여 특정 지역에 대해서는 적당한 살비제의 선택적 이용으로 점박이응애를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

키틴생합성저해제인 diflubenzuron을 톱다리개미허리노린재(Riptortus clavatus Thunberg)에 미량국소처리하였을 때 충태 및 영기에 따른 약제의 감수성차이와, 종령약충 처리후 우화율 및 우화성충에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Diflubenzuron은 살람효과를 보였으며 산란후 12시간내의 알은 산란후 48~60시간의 알보다 감수성이 높았으나, 알의 나이에 관계없이 처리된 알의 배는 정상적으로 발육하였다. 영기별 감수성은 영기가 진행될수록 낮아져 1령약충이 2령에 비하여 1.5배, 3령약충에 비하여 18.2배, 4령약충에 비하여 39.4배, 5령약충에 비하여 42.4배 높은 감수성을 나타내었다. 종령약충에 처리하였을 때 우화율과 우화성충의 체중, 수명 및 산란율은 현저히 감소하였다.

In Korea, most of college of medicine have runned integrated curriculum of system-centered or organ-centered subjects until now. But after graduation, medical students practically face on the patients who have symptoms, real problems. At that time, to resolve real problems of the patients, medical students need clinical reasoning and problem solving ability. After gradua-tion, through integrated curriculum of system-centered or organ-centered subjects, most medical students didn’t have a suit-able clinical competency to solve the real problems such as headache, epigastric pain, depression. So we need a new curricu-lum such as a clinical presentation curriculum to evoke more clinical reasoning and problem solving ability. The Korean Association of Medical Colleges (KAMC) selected 105 clinical presentations of the patients and published the learning out-comes of basic medical educations to have a clinical competency as primary physicians after graduation of medical school. So we have to learn the history taking, physical examination, possible diagnoses, appropriate investigation, natural history, prognosis and complications of the diagnosed conditions and prevention, treatment and management complications of treat-ment of 105 clinical presentations. Now, I will investigate the Objectives for the Qualifying Examination of Medical Council of CANADA and review the existing medical literature to provide practical insight into the clinical presentation curriculum introduced by University of Calgary. And I will suggest a model of a new curriculum as a clinical presentation curriculum of our university.