문제적 과잉 성 행동은 성 충동과 각성을 통제하지 못하는 것과 관련이 있으며, 억제 기능을 담당하는 뇌 영역의 구조적, 기능적 변화와 관련이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 아직까지 문제적 과잉 성 행동의 휴지기 상태 시 뇌의 기능적 연결성에 관한 연구는 거의 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 자기공명영상장치를 사용하여 휴지기 상태 시 문제적 과잉 성 행동자의 집행 통제 회로(RECN, LECN)의 기능적 연결성의 결함을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 17명의 문제적 과잉 성 행동자와 인구통계학적 특성이 유사한 20명의 정상대조군을 대상으로 휴지기 상태 시 자기공명영상데이터가 획득하였다. 실행기능 제어 회로(LECN, RECN)와 관련된 영역을 관심 뇌 영역으로 선정하였으며, 이들 영역간 시계열 신호와의 상관계수를 기능 연결성 정도로 가정하고 집단 간 비교 검증을 하였다. 그 결과, 정상대조군과 문제적 과잉 성행동군의 집행 통제회로의 기능적 연결 강도에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 즉, 정상대조군에 비해 문제적 과잉 성행동군은 상/중전두회와 미상핵, 상/중전두회와 두정회의 기능적 연결성이 저하된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이 영역간 기능적 연결강도는 과잉 성 행동 지수와 부적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 문제적 과잉 성행동자들이 성 충동과 각성을 제어하지 못하는 것이 집행 통제회로의 기능적 연결성 저하와 관련이 있음을 시사한다.

Transition-metal-embedded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been accepted as a novel type of sensing material due to the combined advantage of the transition metal, which possesses good catalytic behavior for gas interaction, and CNTs, with large effective surface areas that present good adsorption ability towards gas molecules. In this work, we simulate the adsorption of O2 and O3 onto Rh-doped CNT in an effort to understand the adsorbing behavior of such a surface. Results indicate that the proposed material presents good adsorbing ability and capacities for these two gases, especially O3 molecules, as a result of the relatively large conductivity changes. The frontier molecular orbital theory reveals that the conductivity of Rh-CNT would undergo a decrease after the adsorption of two such oxidizing gases due to the lower electron activity and density of this media. Our calculations are meaningful as they can supply experimentalists with potential sensing material prospects with which to exploit chemical sensors.

Water quality improvement processes for stagnant area consist mainly of technologies applying vegetation and artificial water circulation, and these existing technologies have some limits to handle pollution loads effectively. To improve the purification efficiency, eco-friendly technologies should be developed that can reinforce self-purification functions. In this study, a multi-functional floating island combined with physical · chemical · biological functions (① flotation and oxidization using microbubbles, ② vegetation purification and ③ bio-filtration with improved adsorption capacity) has been developed and basic experiments were performed to determine the optimal combination conditions for each unit process. It has been shown that it is desirable to operate the microbubble unit process under conditions greater than 3.5 kgf/cm2. In vegetation purification unit process, Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) was suggested to be suitable considering water quality, landscape improvement and maintenance. When granular red-mud was applied to the bio-filtration unit process, it was found that T-P removal efficiency was good and its value was also stable for various linear velocity conditions. The appropriate thickness of filter media was suggested between 30 and 45 cm. In this study, the optimal design and operating parameters of the multi-functional floating island have been presented based on the results of the basic experiments of each unit process.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 통합학교와 특수학교의 학교 환경에 따른 적응행동과 학교에서의 기능적 과제 수행능력에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 설문조사로 진행되었다. 배포된 설문지는 통합학교 20부, 특수학교 20부 총 40부였으며 이 중 18부(45%)가 회수 되었다. 무응답 또는 다중 응답 문항이 있는 설문지 2부를 제외한 총 16부, 통합교육 대상자 총 4명, 특수교육 대상자 총 12명의 결과가 분석에 사용되었으며, 대상 학생을 4개월 이상 관찰한 교사가 본 연구의 평가도구인 적응행동검사(Korea Adaptive Behavior Scale; K-ABS)와 학교기능평가(School Function Assessment; SFA) 질문지를 작성하도록 하였다. 결과 : 통합교육 환경과 특수교육 환경에 따라 SFA와 K-ABS를 비교한 결과, K-ABS의 사회적 적응요인에서 통합교육 집단에서 특수교육 집단에 비하여 통계적으로 유의미하게 높은 점수를 보였다(p<.05). 각 학교 환경에 따른 집단내 SFA와 K-ABS의 상관관계 분석 결과, 특수교육 환경에서 SFA와 K-ABS의 하위항목 간 상관관계를 이루는 항목이 더 많았다. 결론 : 연구를 통하여 통합교육 환경이 장애학생의 전반적인 적응능력과 학교생활 참여에 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 작업치료사로서 학교작업치료를 위한 보다 체계적인 장애학생의 교육환경을 제공하기 위한 기초자료를 제시한다는 점에 의의가 있다. 장애학생의 적응행동과 학교에서의 기능적 수행은 교육 환경에 따라 차이가 있으며, 작업치료사는 장애학생의 교육의 질과 참여를 향상시킬 수 있도록 중요한 역할을 담당해야할 것이다.

High performance polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes for n-butanol recovery were fabricated using a tri-functional crosslinker containing the phenyl group. In order to understand the role of the functional group structure and cross-linking density in pervaporation performance, PDMS membranes were prepared using tri-functional crosslinker containing other functional groups (hexyl and cyclohexyl) and conventional tetra-functional crosslinker. The relationship between the polymer structure-performance was discussed based on the sorption and diffusion properties of the membranes. As a result, the phenyl-based PDMS membrane exhibited the pervaporation performance owing to the strong hydrophobicity and chain rigidity of the phenyl group compared to other PDMS membranes even at high butanol concentration and high temperature conditions.

Currently various kinds of wheelchair were developed and being sold in medical device market. This research is concerned with designing and making various types of moving and functional power wheelchairs. There are two kinds of general moving type wheelchairs and translational moving type wheelchair using mecanum wheel. Dynamic theory is used to check the motion analysis and safety of wheelchairs. The specific function of wheelchairs is to reach the higher position than the sitting position. And the new way of motion of wheelchair is developed by new type of wheel. This paper proposes the very economical and useful wheelchair model.

The multicolored Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis is characterized by polymorphism of the elytral pattern. Melanization in Harmonia axyridis is crucial for their elytral coloration, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood in this species. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC), two key enzymes in the melanin pathway, convert tyrosine and dopa into dopa and dopamine, respectively. In this study, it was to determine the role of TH and DDC of Harmonia axyridis (HaTH and HaDDC) in body and wing pigmentaion produced via melanin pathway. The cDNA sequences of HaTH and HaDDC were cloned to perform RNAi-based functional analysis. Injected dsRNA to the 4th larvae caused knockdown of target genes, and it was verified by quantative realtime PCR. Both TH and DDC RNAi adult show loss of black pigmentation in their body and wing pigmentaion. These results is expected to be helpful to investigate polymorphism by melanin pigment in Harmonia axyridis.

Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are extracellular-modifying enzymes that deacetylate chitin to produce chitosan. In insects, this modification may contribute to the affinity and/or cross-linking of chitin/chitosan-like polysaccharides for a variety of structural proteins, which may lead to diverse mechanical properties of the cuticle. We previously reported the functional importance of Group I CDAs, TcCDA1 and TcCDA2, as well as the two alternative spliced isoforms of the latter, TcCDA2a and TcCDA2b from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in molting, morphology of cuticle and movement of legs. In this study, we further analyzed protein localization, ultrastructural defects of the cuticles and leg joints after RNAi of those genes. Both proteins are mainly present in the innermost procuticle region called the “assembly zone”. Loss of function of either TcCDA1 or TcCDA2 caused disorganized chitinous horizontal laminae and vertical pore canals in both the rigid and soft cuticles. RNAi of TcCDA2b affects cuticle integrity similar to that seen in RNAi of the two alternatively spliced forms of TcCDA2. In contrast, TcCDA2a-deficient adult, like that seen in the hypomorphic phenotype produced by RNAi of TcCDA1, exhibited ruptured tendons between femur and tibia, resulting in loss of locomotion ability. These results suggest that Group I CDAs play critical roles in molting, morphology, ultrastructure and mobility in T. castaneum. This work was supported by NRFs (NRF-2015R1A6A3A04060323 and NRF-2018R1A2B6005106).

Host defense against pathogen invasion highly relies on immune defense machinery that is controlled by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) of transcription factors. The Toll pathway are well known as an insect innate immune mechanism to protect host itself from invaded pathogens. Basically, in the edible insect, Tenebrio molitor, the Toll pathway is primarily activated by polymeric Lys-type peptidoglycans (PGNs), and components of fungal cell walls, β-1,3-glucan. Based on the current studies, the tremendous study has been focused on recognition and subsequent activation of spätzle in haemolymph, hence, there is a grave gap for intracellular event. Herein, in order to understand intracellular event of Toll signaling pathway, the Dorsal gene were identified. Moreover, domain analyses of TmDorsal2 gene indicate that there are two major domains such as Rel homology domain (RHD), ig-like, plexins, and transcription factors (IPT) domains. Based on the achieved results, TmDorsal2 mRNA was highly expressed in 1-day old pupa. Furthermore, TmDorsal2 was highly expressed in Malpighian tubules and fat body in last instar larvae (LL), and likewise mainly expressed in Malpighian tubules during adult 5-day old period, also the lowest expression of TmDorsal2 was observed in gonads. Moreover, TmDorsal2 mRNA levels after infection with E. coli appreciably went up at 6 and 9h time points. To investigate the effects of TmDorsal2 RNAi on larval susceptibility against various pathogens namely E. coli, S. aureus or C.albicans, dsRNA of TmDorsal2 has been synthesized the larvae dissected after 24h. As a result, TmAttacin1a, 1b and 2, TmDefencine1 and 2, TmTenecin1, 2, 3 and 4, TmCecropin2, TmColeoptericin1 and 2, Thaumatin-like protein 1 and 2 markedly reduced in the gut after injecting all mentioned microbes. In contrast, TmTenecin 2, Thaumatin-like protein 1 and 2 strikingly increased after microbe injection in the fat body. Interestingly, the most AMPs gene expression in whole body experimental case were upregulated. On the horizon, we will investigate effects of TmDorsal1 RNAi on larval susceptibility against various pathogens. Taken together, our studies may aid to understand insect innate immunity.

Insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been characterized more than 150 peptides since identification of cecropin in the hemolymph of pupae from Hyalophora cecropia in 1980. Therefore, it is considered that insects are good species of AMPs selection. Insect AMPs are small (below 10 kDa), cationic, and amphipathic with variable length, sequence, and structure. They perform a critical role on humoral immunity in the insect innate immune system against invading pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Most of insect AMPs are induced rapidly in the fat bodies and other specific tissues of insects after septic injury or immune challenge. Then the AMPs subsequently released into the hemolymph to act against microorganisms. These peptides have a broad antimicrobial spectrum against various microorganisms including anticancer activities. Insect AMPs can be divided into four families based on their structures and sequences. That is α-helical peptides, cysteine-rich peptides, proline-rich peptides, and glycine-rich peptides/proteins. For instance, cecropins, insect defensins, proline-rich peptides, and attacins are common insect AMPs, but gloverins and moricins have been identified only in lepidopteran species. In this presentation, we focus on AMPs from insects and discuss current knowledge and recent progresses with potential application of insect AMPs.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a key gene involved in multiple stress tolerance in all living organisms, though it is still to be disclosed the gene function in teff grass [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter].The objectives of this study were to clone and molecular characterization of GST gene in teff grass. We characterized GST1 from teff grass (EtGST1), it composed of a 645-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 195 amino acid residue. Further, we transformed EtGST1 in E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells. This recombinant EtGST1 in E.coli BL21(DE3) induced at 37°C temperature. In addition, Growth of cells overexpressing EtGST1 rapidly increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (5%), heat (46°C), NaCl (0.6%), and arsenic (1 mM) than that of cells harboring an empty vector. These results suggest that EtGST1 would be suitable candidate for improving tolerance in forages and/or grasses species against multiple abiotic stresses.

The process model of emotion regulation suggests that cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression engage at different time points in the regulation process. Although multiple brain regions and networks have been identified for each strategy, no articles have explored changes in network characteristics or network connectivity over time. The present study examined (a) the whole-brain network and six other resting-state networks, (b) their modularity and global efficiency, which is an index of the efficiency of information exchange across the network, (c) the degree and betweenness centrality for 160 brain regions to identify the hub nodes with the most control over the entire network, and (d) the intra-network and inter-network functional connectivity (FC). Such investigations were performed using a traditional large-scale FC analysis and a relatively recent sliding window correlation analysis. The results showed that the right inferior orbitofrontal cortex was the hub region of the whole-brain network for both strategies. The present findings of temporally altering functional activity of the networks revealed that the default mode network (DMN) activated at the early stage of reappraisal, followed by the task-positive networks (cingulo-opercular network and fronto-parietal network), emotion-processing networks (the cerebellar network and DMN), and sensorimotor network (SMN) that activated at the early stage of suppression, followed by the greater recruitment of task-positive networks and their functional connection with the emotional response-related networks (SMN and occipital network). This is the first study that provides neuroimaging evidence supporting the process model of emotion regulation by revealing the temporally varying network efficiency and intra- and inter-network functional connections of reappraisal and suppression.

Background: High string instrument (violin, viola) players are at high risk for developing musculoskeletal problems. In particular, a higher prevalence of shoulder problems has been reported. However, evidence of the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise for musicians with this condition is lacking until now. Objects: This case series study investigated the effect of a specific exercise program on shoulder pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestral high string musicians. Methods: Five professional orchestral high string players with shoulder pain participated in this study. A six-week specific exercise program focus on scapular stability for shoulder pain consisted of scapular muscle exercise. Physical examinations for pain and dysfunction, posture were performed, were identified among all subjects before starting the exercise program. Results: The results revealed that shoulder pain decreased by 67.86% and the effect of pain on instrument play decreased by 63.33%. The shoulder pain and disability Index and the performing arts module-quick disability of the arm, shoulder and hand scale decreased by 71.72% and 51.61% respectively. The exercise program improved function and posture. Conclusion: A specific exercise program for high string players was effective in managing shoulder pain. This case series is intended to provide empirical data on the effectiveness of an exercise program aimed at assessing the effect of exercise on pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestra musicians associated with specific instrument groups.

This research is conducted to create a functional hydrogel ophthalmic lens containing nanoparticles. Carbon nanoparticles and PEGMEMA are used as additives for the basic combination of HEMA, MA, and MMA, and the materials are copolymerized with EGDMA as the cross-linking agent and AIBN as the thermal initiator. The hydrogel lens is produced using a cast-mold method, and the materials are thermally polymerized at 100 oC for an hour. The polymerized lens sample is hydrated in a 0.9% saline solution for 24 hours before the optical and physical characteristics of the lens are measured. The refractive index, water content, contact angle, light transmittance, and tensile strength are measured to evaluate the physical and optical characteristics of the hydrogel lens. The refractive index, water content, contact angle, UV-B light transmittance, UVA light transmittance, visible light transmittance, tensile strength and breaking strength of the hydrogel lens polymer are 1.4019~1.4281, 43.05~51.18 %, 31.95~68.61o, 21.69~58.11 %, 35.59~84.26 %, 45.85~88.06 %, 0.1075~0.1649 kgf and 0.1520~0.2250 kgf, respectively. The results demonstrate an increase in refractive index, tensile strength and breaking strength and a decrease in contact angle and light transmittance. Furthermore, the visible light transmissibility is significantly increased at PEG 10 %. It is clear that this material can be used for high-performance ophthalmic lenses with wettability, ultraviolet ray blocking effect, and tensile strength.