Plasma levels of lipids were observed in vegetarians and non-vegetarians in order compare the values between the two groups with different dietary habits, and among different age groups. All 162 vegetarians and 95 non-vegetarians were selected for this study. In detail, male vegetarians subjects were devided into three groups according to their ages, 20's, 30's and 40's. And three control groups were also selected at matching basis. Two groups each were selected for female subjects in their 20's and 40's. All ten groups were adopted and the lipids levels were compared appropriately. Dietary habits of vegetarians were shown to be fairly strict. They consumed almost no animal foods and depended largely upon plant foods with emphasis on unrefined cereals and legumes. on the other hand, non-vegetarians consumed meats, fish egg and milk frequently. Most of plasma lipid levels measured were found to be lower in vegetarians and tended to be higher for the higher age groups of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Although the lipids levels of non-vegetarians were higher than the ones for vegetarians, the levels were within optimal range, and it can be concluded in this study that the plasma lipid levels of non-vegetarians under Korean dietary pattern are quite acceptable.

This experiment is carried out to study effect of choline-deficient diet on serum and liver lipid contents of male rats. The experimental animals use 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 100±3g. They are classified into 7 groups and fed to experimental diets which are composed of 0.8% choline-supplement of deficient diets in addition to 14% corn oil, 14% corn margarine and 14% lipids mixed with 4% corn oil and 10% corn margarine, respectively. After feeding for 4 weeks, I measure lipid concentration of serum and liver, and the result are as follows. 1. The choline-deficient diet group decreases slightly the rates of weight gain and feed efficiency as compared with those of the choline-supplement diet group, but increases liver weight. 2. The choline-dificient diet group decreases the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol, HDL-choelsterol, VLDL, LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid (PL), but increases the contents of triglyceride and the ratios of cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride/PL, and indicates no remarkable-difference in the ratio of TC/PL. 3. As compared with the choline-supplement diet group, the choline-deficient diet group contains the higher liver contents of total lipids, free cholesterol and triglyceride, and gives little difference in the liver contents of total cholesterol and phospholipid(PL), and presents the higher ratios of VLDL, LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and TG/PL in the liver.4. In the choline-deficient diet group, the coutents of serum and liver lipid is not influenced by the kind of dietary fat. On the other hand, the choline-supplemented diet group indicates a significantly lower content of phospholipid in the corn margarine-added diet group than in the corn oil-added diet group. As aforementioned results, I think that the choline-deficient diet induces fatty liver in male rats without relation to kind of fatty acid, and cholines-upplement diet with saturated fatty acid makes the more decrease of liver phospholipid than that with polyunsaturated fatty acid.

자동산화유의 독성을 구명하기 위하여 autoxidized methyl linoleate(AOML)의 일정량을 mouse에 1 일 1 회 20 일간 경구 투여하여 혈청 및 간의 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 실험군의 혈청 TBA값과 혈청 triglyceride, phospholipid 및 total cholesterol양은 정상군에 비해 모두 증가되었으며, 전기영동 결과 혈청 lipoprotein의 조성 백분율은 albumin이 약 21% 증가된 반면, VLDL은 약 70% 그리고 LDL은 약 33% 감소되어 있었다. 실험군의 간에서의 POV, COV 및 TBA값은 모두 정상군에 비해 크게 증가하였으며, 또한 간의 triglyceride, phospholipid 및 total cholesteroldml 양도 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 한편, 실험군의 간에서의 형태학적 변화로는 정상군에 비해 간세포의 손상과 지질의 축적이 관찰 되었다.

Pteridium sp.의 농축추출액(濃縮抽出液)을 흰쥐에게 7주간(週間) 주입(注入)하여 혈청지질(血淸脂質)과 지질과산물(脂質過酸物) 및 간조직지질과산물(肝組織脂質過酸化物)의 변화(變化)를 분석(分析)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 득(得)했다. 7주(週)의 혈청중성지방양(血淸中性脂肪量)은 비교군(比較群)이나, 제(第)3주(週)의 1, 2 군(群)의 그것보다 크게 많이 증가(增加)했다. 혈청체난지방(血淸遞難脂肪) 및 혈청주산화물(血淸週酸化物)(T-BA 치(値))양(量)은 각군별(各群別) 및 3주(週), 7주(週) 연령간(年令間)에 별(別) 변화차(變化差)가 없었다. 간조치(肝組熾)의 지질주산화물(脂質週酸化物)(TBA) 7주연령(週年令)이 3주(週)에 비(比)하여 크게 증가(增加)하였다. 단(但), 1, 2 군간(群間)의 차(差)는 크지 않았다. 여기서 이 추출물(抽出物) 또는 그 식품(食品)의 섭취(攝取)가 주량(週量)으로 장기간(長期間) 계속되지 않는 한(限) 생체(生體) 미치는 영향은 거의 없는 것으로 사료(思料)됨

Influence of vitamins on the felt and lipid production of Aspergilus niger var. macrosporus, Aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium notatum were investigated after 10 days of incubation at 30℃ under static culture condition. The felt of molds were lower in the media containing vitamins than control medium. The lipids produced by each strains were highest yields in media containing vitamins. Among of these Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus and Aspergillus fumigatus produced. 4.6g and 5.28g in medium containing inositol 2.5mg/l and 0.5mg/l, respectively; while Penicillium notatum produced 1.51g in a medium containing thiamine 10mg/l. The major fatty acid of lipids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus was lower palmitic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing thiamine and inositol. Aspergillus fumigatus was lower oleic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing vitamins. Peniillium notatum was lower palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid in media containing vitamins but linoleic acid was higher. The composition of fatty acid of lipids changed depending on the media containing vitamins but hardly found a certain tendency except linoleic acid which was higher in a media containing thiamines and inositols. The degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the lipids were comparatively higher in media containing vitamins than control medium.

The possible effects of 10% carbohydrate containting diets on the serum glucose and lipids values were studied with normal and alloxan - diabetic male rats for a period of 28 days. The diets were supplemented with either glucose, cornstarch or sucrose, fructose or the basal diet containing no added carbohy drates. After this period, 3 to 4 rats among the each group were killed and samples of serum, liver, spleen and kidney were collected. The others were rendered diabetic by the intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (190mg/wtkg). Then original feeding scedule was continued for 3 days in all five diabetic groups, before the collection of tissue samples and serum. Feeding the nondiabetic rats with glucose and fructose delayed the bodyweight development relatively compared with nonsugar group. The weight deductions after alloxan injection were similar in all feeding groups. All diabetic animals exhibited increased blood glucose triglceride levels but almost unchanged total cholesterol values. Blood glucose values for nondiabetic rats were normal ranges, and then glucose feeding group was the highest. Total - cholesterol values were the highest in nondiabetic rats fed glucose, fructose and in diabetics fed sucrose, glucose. Triglyceride values were the highest in nondiabetic rats fed sucrose, and no difference in diabetic rats. Some cornstarch group exhibited fatty-livers in diabetic and nondiabetic, and more studies need.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary fiber sources and levels on serum lipids in rats fed a hypercholesterol diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 52.7 ± 7.27g were devided into sevel groups by completely randomized block design and fed various dietary fibers which were prepared from Rice bran, Siraegi (The dried green parts of a radish) and Bracken Fern at a level of 5% and 10% respectively. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. Body weight gains were not significantly different among the groups and food intake was significantly higher in rats fed a diet of Siraegi 10% than those fed the control diet. 2. Fecal wet weights were significantly increased in all experimental groups. 3. Levels of serum total cholesterol in all experimental groups were significantly lower than that of the control group except the level in the R 10(Rice bran 10%) group. 4. Free Cholesterol levels in the serum were increased in all experimental groups, especially the levels in the R 10 (Rice bran 10%) and S 10 (Siraegi 10%) groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. 5. Ester Cholesterol levels in the serum were significantly lower in rats fed the experimental diets than those fed the control diet. 6. There was a tendency of higher serum HDL-Cholesterol levels in R5 (Rice bran 5%), R10 (Rice bran 10%) and B5(Bracken 5%) groups compared to the control group however no significant differences were found between the control group and all the experimental groups except in the case of the S5 (Siraegi 5%) group. 7. LDL, VLDL-Cholesterol levels in the serum sere significantly reduced in the S5 (Siraegi 5%), B5 (Bracken 5%) and B10 (Bracken 10%) groups. 8. The HDL-C./Total-C. Ratio was increased in all experimental group especially the Ratios in the S5 and B5 groups were significantly higher than that of the control group.

The effects of the vegetable diet on the levels of the serum lipids, particularly the level of the serum total cholesterol which is most concerned with coronary heart disease (CHD) were investigated in 30 male SDA (Seventh Day Adventists) group and 30 male omnivorous group (control group). SDA participated in this study intaked relatively few animal origin foods whereas they intaked plant origin foods largely; they seldom or sometimes intaked meats, fishes, butter, margarine, beverages and coffee, but often unrefined cereals, legumes, vegetables and fruits. In the both systolic pressure and diastolic pressure, there was no difference between two groups. The levels of the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were lower in SDA group than in the omnivorous group. Among them the difference was statistically significant in the level of the serum total cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol was more or less higher in SDA group than in the omnivorous group, but the difference was no significant. The result that SDA group had lower level of the serum total cholesterol than the omnivorous group suggested that that they might be less prone to CHD than the omnivorous group. Though this possibility, however, was derived from the fact of the lower level of serum total cholesterol of SDA group, it might by partly responsible for their habit that they never smoke and drink alcohols and coffee.

총지방질의 함량은 인유(성숙유), 조제 분유 및 시유 다같이 비슷한 수준치를 보였다. 조제 분유는 인유에 비하여 인 지방질, 유리 지방산, 콜레스테롤 에스터 등이 유의하게 높은 반면 트리글리세리드는 유의하게 낮은 수준이었다. 시유와 인유는 트리글리세리드 함량에서는 비슷하였지만 기타 지방질 성분에서는 차이가 있었다. 조제 분유의 인 지방질/트리글리세리드의 비, 콜레스테롤/트리글리세리드의 비, 총토코페롤 그리고 총토코페롤 / 총지방질의 비 모두 인유는 물론 시유의 그것들에 비하여 유의하게 높은 수준이었다. 총토코페롤 / 18 : 2 Ω6의 비는 조제 분유, 시유 다같이 인유에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 인유, 조제 분유 및 사유의 비타민 E 함량은 미국 유아 식이의 기준치를 상회하였다. 조제 분유의 포화 지방산 중에서 탄소수 8개 이하의 직쇄의 우수 지방산들은 인유의 그것들에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며, 10개 이상의 탄소수를 갖고 있는 직쇄의 우수 지방산들은 인유의 그것들과 대체로 비슷한 수준들이었다. 시유에서도 역시 탄소수 10개 이하의 것들과 18 : 0 등의 직쇄의 우수 지방산들 그리고 직쇄 및 측쇄의 기수 지방산들이 높은 경향이었고 12 : 0 은 낮았다. 불포화 지방산의 경우 인유의 18 : 2Ω6은 조제 분유와는 거의 비슷한 수준인 반면 시유의 그것에 비하여 4.5 배 높은 수준이었고 탄소수 20개 이상의 장쇄 고도 불포화 지방산들은 조제 분유, 시유 다같이 낮은 수준치를 갖고 있었다.

This study aimed to investigate the improvement effect of 5% (w/w) mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) on lipid composition and protein concentration in hyperlipidemic rats. Seven-week-old male (Sprague-Dawley) rats were divided into four groups (n=6, each), and fed experimental diets containing mung bean meal [basal diet+5% (w/w) mung bean (BM), basal-hyperlipidemic diet+5% (w/w) mung bean (BHM)], basal-hyperlipidemic diet (BH), and control (basal diet, BD). Lipid composition in the mung bean diet groups (BM and BHM) evidenced significant reductions in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, cardiac risk factor, triglyceride, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, blood glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, and an elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The serum albumin/globulin ratio was increased in mung bean diet-supplemented rats compared to that in hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Total calcium, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in sera were higher in the BM, BHM and BD groups than in the BH group. Concentrations of sodium and chlorine in sera were lower in the mung bean diet-supplemented groups than in the hyperlipidemic group. The in vivo experiments showed that ingestion of mung bean was effective in improving lipid composition, protein concentration, and blood glucose.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of 5% turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the blood glucose and lipid metabolism function of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg body weight)-induced diabetic rats. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into four groups (n=6), and fed experimental diets containing turmeric meal [basal diet+5% turmeric (BT), basal diet+STZ+5% turmeric (ST)], and control (BD), BS groups (basal diet+STZ). The results of this study, turmeric diet groups (BT, ST) in lipid component as evidenced from the significantly reduction of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), atherosclerotic index (AI), cardiac risk factor (CRF), triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, uric acid, blood glucose, non esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and elevation of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol). The serum albumin and globulin contents were increased in turmeric supplementation diet than STZ-induced diabetic rats (p<0.05). Concentrations of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in sera were lower in the turmeric diet than diabetic group. Total calcium (T-Ca), phosphorus (Pi) and potassium (K) concentrations in sera were higher in the BT, ST and BD groups than BS group. In vivo experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats showed that ingestion of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were effective in the blood glucose and lipid metabolism functional improvement.

The aim of the study were to investigate the influences of krill (Euphausia superba) meal on the body weight, lipid metabolism functional improvement, blood glucose level, protein component in the sera of rats which fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose were higher in the control diet group (G1 group) than the control diet plus 10% krill meal group (G2 group), the control diet plus 20% krill meal group (G3 group), the control diet plus 30% krill meal group (G4 group), and a general dose and time independent one-way analysis of variance was performed to assess efficacy. Conversely depending on the content of krill meal for the High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level, it showed higher results. The concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin in sera, there were not significant difference among the groups (p<0.05). The results indicate that a krill meal diet effectively inhibited increases in lipid elevation, blood glucose level in the sera of rats.

In order to increase the medicinal herbs efficiency of drug delivery, vesicles contained with medicinal herbs were prepared by phosphatidylcholines and surface active agent. Vesicles loaded with medicinal herbs were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Zetasizer. The antioxidant activity of vesicles was measured by DPPH assay and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Also, an analysis was conducted to determine the effects of anti-inflammatory of vesicles contained medicinal herbs. In addition, the whitening effects of vesicles contained medicinal herbs extract were studied via tyrosinase inhibition assay. The results of vesicles were as follows. Vesicles appeared an average diameter of approximatively 164-599 nm. All studied vesicles contained with medicinal herbs showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and whitening effects in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this experiment achieves its purpose of synthesizing of vesicles. In conclusion, we recommended that the vesicles loaded with medicinal herbs have ability for anti-aging materials. Specifically, it will apply to cosmetic ingredients.

비알코올성 지방간 질환은 만성 간질환의 가장 흔한 원인이다. 이 연구의 목적은 비알코올성 지방간 질환 동물모델을 확립하고 생체 내 짧은 양성자 자기공명분광법을 이용하여 비침습적으로 간의 대사물질과 지질의 변화를 정량 분석하고자 하였다. 각 실험은 고지방식 먹이를 먹고 나서 0주를 기준선으로 하고, 2, 4, 6, 8주에 쥐의 간 실질 조직으로부터 측정되었다. 0주를 기준선으로 하고 2주와 비교했을 때 0.9, 1.3, 2.3, 2.8 및 5.3 ppm 에서 유의미하게 증가하였다(p<0.01). 따라서 양성자 자기공명분광법은 고지방식 먹이를 먹고 2주 후부터 다양한 쥐의 간 지질 변화를 검출하고 특성화하는데 유용할 것이다.

Background : Nowadays obesity has increased dramatically in developed countries which lead various metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and the risk of stroke. Thus, looking forward a new chemical entity from natural sources which have a strong potential of anti-lipid regulation activity. Recently, protein based nanomedicine offers a new approach to treat a number of diseases including metabolic disorder such as obesity. In this study we evaluated the anti-lipid regulation effect of nano-carrier Bovine serum albumin and Mesoporous silica (MSNPs) conjugated ginsenoside F1 in 3T3-L1adipocytes and HepG2 hepatocytes. Methods and Results : BSA incorporated drugs has been shown to protect the drug degredation as well as improvement bioavalilability. To assess the anti- adipogenic effect of BSA-F1 and MSNPs-F1 cell viability was investigated in different time point of cell cycle growth and the intracellular lipid accumulation was evaluated in mature adipocytes and hepatocytes by Oil red staining assay. In addition, transcriptional gene regulation was quantified by the real time PCR for targeting adipogenic genes such as PPARγ, STAT3, CEBPα, ap2 and aP2 as well as hepatogenic genes such as ACC, AMPK, FAS and PPARα. Moreover, protein expression was evaluated by immunoblotting assay. Conclusion : Altogether, the above results were confirmed that BSA-F1 at dose 25 μM exhibited the anti-adipogenesis effect by downregulating the major transcriptional factors PPAR γ/STAT3 in signalling in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes and upregulated the fatty acid oxidative AMPK signaling in fatty acid induced HepG2 hepatocytes.

미세조류로부터 지질을 추출하고 바이오디젤로 전환하는 대체연료 생산 공정은 미세조류의 높은 성장속도, 바이오매스 생산에 사용되는 부지면적 확보의 경제성, 높은 지질함량, 그리고 배양 중 이산화탄소 흡수능력 등 다양한 장점을 갖는다. 하지만 지질 추출 이후 미세조류 찌꺼기는 해당 공정으로부터 불가피하게 발생되는 폐기물로서, 폐기물의 처리와 탄소원의 최대 활용 측면에서 적절한 처리 방법이 고려되어야 한다. 수열탄화는 일반적으로 유기성물질을 높은 온도(180-350℃)와 온도 상승에 따른 압력변화 조건(2-10 MPa)에서 열화학적분해 과정을 통해 차(Char) 형태의 고형물로 변환시키는 공정을 말한다. 수열탄화를 거쳐 생성된 차는 탄화과정을 통해 바이오매스 내부의 결합수가 제거되고 고정탄소의 비율이 증가됨에 따라 고형연료로서 활용 가치를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 바이오디젤 생산 공정에서 발생되는 지질 추출 미세조류를 250℃ 이하의 온도(180, 200, 220, 240℃)에서 수열탄화 방법으로 탄화하여 차를 생산하였다. 생산된 차는 열중량분석(TGA, Thermogravimetric analysis)을 실시함으로써 연소형태를 통한 연료특성 개선효과를 평가하였다. 이와 함께 적외분광 분석 (FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry)을 실시하고 수열탄화 처리에 따른 차 생성물 내 작용기의 변화를 관찰하였다. 연구결과 180과 200℃ 처리온도 조건에서 수열탄화를 실시한 경우 탈수능의 향상과 고정탄소의 상대적인 함량 증가에 따른 착화온도 상승효과가 관찰되었다. 반면 이를 초과하는 처리온도(220, 240℃)에서는 고정탄소 함량 감소와 휘발분 함량 증가로 인해 착화온도가 낮아지는 것이 관찰되었는데, 비교적 고온의 처리온도에서 재중합반응을 통한 휘발성 저분자 물질의 생성에 기인하는 결과로 판단된다. FTIR 분석 결과에서도 180과 200℃의 처리온도에서 수산화기(-OH)의 탈락으로 인한 탈수반응과 석탄화도 향상에 따른 고형연료로서의 특성 개선이 관찰되었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 지질 추출 미세조류의 특정 온도범위(180-200℃) 내에서 수열탄화를 통한 처리 시 생산되는 차는 연료특성 측면에서 고형연료로서의 활용 가치가 개선될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of extracts from the seeds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) found in Namhae, Korea. Extraction was performed using three solvents, 70% methanol, Distilled Water (DW), and Ethyl Acetate (EA). We determined the total phenol and phytic acid contents of the extracts to evaluate their nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. The phytic acid content of GJE was found to be 1.157 mg PAE (Phytic Acid Equivalent) /g DW. The yields of the three extraction processes were as follows: DW, 36.61%; 70% methanol, 30.10%; and EA, 20.40%. The physiological activities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/mL) (p<0.05), but were lower than those of ascorbic acid, BHA, and trolox. Total phenol content was the highest in the 70% methanol extract, followed by DW and EA extracts. Further, nitrogen oxide scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were the highest for the 70% methanol extract followed by DW and EA extracts. Based on these results, the bioactivities of the 70% methanol and DW extracts of GJ seeds were excellent. These extracts can be used as natural antioxidants

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used as sweetener, and its overconsumption is become a major health problem. In the present study, we used adult female rats and applied a 28 days HFCS feeding model to monitor the estrous cycle and changes in tissue weights and histology. Adult female rats were divided into three groups. Animals were fed with ad libitum normal chow and (1) 24 hours tap water (Control group), (2) 12 hours HFCS access during dark period and 12 hours tap water (12H group), and (3) 24 hours HFCS only access (24H group). Total exposure period was 28 days. There is no significant change in body weight between control and HFCS-fed animals. Both absolute and relative weights of ovary in 24H animals were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The absolute and relative weights of the kidney and liver in 24H groups were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The estrous cycles of the 24H animals were significantly longer. Histological analyses revealed that 24H ovaries were relatively bigger and possessed more corpus lutea than control ovaries. Uterine sections of 12H and 24H animals showed a well-developed stratum vasculare between inner and outer myometrial layers. The number of endometrial glands were decreased in 12H uteri, and recovered in 24H uteri compared to control. Numbers of convoluted tubule in distal region increased in 12H and 24H kidney samples. Liver specimens of 12H and 24H showed the increased number of fat containing vacuoles. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HFCS treatment for 28 days could induce (1) changes in length of estrous cycle with extended estrous and diestrous stages, (2) altered ovarian and uterine histology, and (3) liver and renal lipid accumulation. These findings reveal the adverse effects of HFCS drinking on the reproductive function and lipid metabolism of female rats.

Due to the increasing sewage sludge generation from wastewater treatment facilities, sewage sludge has been reconsidered as a renewable energy source in various ways. Lipid extraction from sewage sludge is an applicable method for biodiesel production. Higher biodiesel production yields can be achieved through the improvement of lipid recovery efficiency. Although sewage sludge has different features due to its types and steps in treatment plants, lipid content of sewage sludge generally ranges from 10 to 15%. Among solvent extraction methods, the highest lipid recovery efficiencies were observed for chloroform-methanol extraction: 13.6-14.6% for primary sludge, 10.6-12.1% for waste-activated sludge, and 2.9-4.2% for digested sludge. The extraction residue of sludge can be used as biosolid refuse fuel (bio-SRF). After lipid extraction, the residue had decreased volatile matter and carbon content. Consequently, the calorific value of the residue decreased by 3,000 kcal/kg. The level of calorific value can be available to use bio-SRF.