Background: To improve muscle flexibility, static stretch is the most common type and is considered safe and effective for improving overall flexibility of muscles. During the stretch, the intensity is more likely to be determined by the degree of an athlete’s pain and practitioner’s skills rather than quantitative measures of stretch. It is necessary to determine the optimal intensity for the stretch. Objects: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between hand held dynamometer (HHD) and verbal rating scale (VRS) in comparison of the effects of continuance time on active (walking) and inactive (sitting) movement after static stretch. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample (n=62) recruited from a university. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 different groups (n=31 for each group) based on participants’ positions either remaining in sitting or freely walking around for a series of re-assessments. Data was collected at pre-warm up, pre-stretch, post-stretch, and additional assessments at the time of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the stretch. Results: Relationship between VRS and HHD scores represents very weak correlation (Spearman’s p=-.16, p>.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted following the logarithmic transformation of the two scores. Pearson’s correlation after the transformation still showed a very low relationship and a poor linear relationship between the two scores (Pearson’s r=-.18, p>.05). Conclusion: The optimal intensity for stretch cannot be solely determined by the subjective pain perception. The objective measurement such as HHD could be used in conjunction with the pain perception.

Background: Rasch analysis has the advantage of placing both the items and the person along a single ratio scale and calibrates person ability and item difficulty onto an interval scale by logits. Therefore, Rasch analysis has been recommended as a better method for evaluating functional outcome questionnaires than traditional analyses. Objects: The aim of current study was to investigate item fit, item difficulty, rating scale, and separation index of the Korean version of the Fullerton Advanced Balance (KFAB) scale using Rasch analysis. Methods: In total, 93 patients with stroke (male=58, female=35) participated in this study. To investigate the item fit, difficulty, rating scale, and separation index of the KFAB scale, Rasch analysis was completed by the Winsteps software program. Results: In this study, all items of the KFAB scale were included in the Rasch model. The most difficult item was ‘standing with feet together and eyes closed’, and the easiest item was ‘two-footed jump’. The rating scale was a 4-point scale instead of the original 5-point scale. Person and item separation indices showed high values that can identify a person with a wide range of balance ability. Conclusion: The KFAB scale appears to be a reliable and valid tool to assess balance function in patients with stroke. Furthermore, the scale was found to discriminate among stroke patients of varying balance abilities.

PURPOSES: This study aims to evaluate the effects of vehicle dynamic behaviors on ride quality. METHODS: Simulation and field test were conducted to analyze the behavior of a driving vehicle. The simulation program CarSIM was applied and an INS (Inertial Navigation System) was used for field experiments. A small simulator was developed to simulate vehicle behavior such as roll, pitch, and bounce. The panels evaluated the ride quality in five stages from “very satisfied”to “very dissatisfied.”Experiments were conducted on a total of 144 cases of vehicle behavior combinations. RESULTS: In both simulation and field tests, pitch is the largest and yaw the smallest. Especially in the field test, the amount of yaw is very low, about 7% of pitch and 18% of roll. The sensitive and extensive analysis conducted related ride quality with changing the frequency and amplitude. It was found that the most sensitive frequency range is 8 Hz across all amplitudes. Moreover, the combination of the roll and bounce was most sensitive to the ride quality at the low-frequency range. CONCLUSIONS: This result show that the vertical vehicle behavior (bounce) as well as the rotational behavior (roll and pitch) are highly correlated with ride quality. Therefore, it is expected that a more reasonable roughness index can be developed through a combination of vertical and rotational vehicle behavior.

The small-scale sewage treatement system with A2/O process was applied to evaluate applicability for Mongolian sewage, It was designed to have 10 m3/d flowrate and installed in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. During over 6month operation BOD, COD, TN, TP removal efficiency were measured and operation condition was optimized. In addition, MLSS concentration its internal circulation rate and DO were adjusted properly. BOD, COD showed average 88 perecent of removal and TN and TP achieved 81 percent and 88 percent removal efficency, respectively. Maxium influent concentration of BOD, COD, TN and TP was 214 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 24.3 mg/L and 5 mg/L respectively, which were decreased to 4.1 mg/L, 5.6 mg/L, 1.3 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L by the test system. This study show possibility tham small-scale sewage treatment system could be a useful system for scattered sewage wastewater treatment.

Scale formation is inevitable problem when seawater is treated by vacuum membrane distillation. The reason is the high concentration of calcium ion(Ca2+), sulfate ion(SO4 2-) and bicarbonate ion(HCO3 -). These ions form calcium sulfate(CaSO4) and calcium carbonate(CaCO3) on the membrane. The scale formed on membrane has to be removed, because the flux can be severely reduced and membrane wetting can be incurred. This study was carried out to investigate scale formation and effectiveness of acid cleaning in vacuum membrane distillation for SWRO brine treatment. It was found that permeate flux gradually declined until volume concentration factor(VCF) reached around 1.55 and membrane wetting started over VCF over 1.6 in the formation of precipitates containing CaSO4 during VMD operation. In contrast, when calcium carbonate formed on membrane, permeate flux was gradually reduced until VCF 3.0. The precipitates containing both CaSO4 and CaCO3 were formed on the membrane surface and in the membrane pore.

Mill scale, an iron waste, was used to separate magnetite particles for the adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution. Mill scale has a layered structure composed of wustite (FeO), magnetite (Fe3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3). Because magnetite shows the highest magnetic property among these iron oxides, it can be easily separated from the crushed mill scale particles. Several techniques were employed to characterize the separated particles. Mill scale-derived magnetite particles exhibited a strong uptake affinity to phosphate in a wide pH range of 3-7, with the maximum adsorptive removal of 100%, at the dosage of 1 g/L, pH 3-5. Langmuir isotherm model well described the equilibrium data, exhibiting maximum adsorption capacities for phosphate up to 4.95 and 8.79 mg/g at 298 and 308 K, respectively. From continuous operation of the packed-bed column reactor operated with different EBCT (empty bed contact time) and adsorbent particle size, the breakthrough of phosphate started after 8-22 days of operation. After regeneration of the column reactor with 0.1N NaOH solution, 95-98% of adsorbed phosphate could be detached from the column reactor.

A typical snowfall pattern occurs over the east coastal region of the Korean Peninsula, known as the Yeongdong region. The precipitation over the Yeongdong region is influenced by the cold and dry northeasterly wind which advects over warm and moist sea surface of the East Sea of Korea. This study reveals the influence of large-scale factors, affecting local to remote areas, on the mesoscale snowfall system over the Yeongdong region. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy reanalysis dataset, Extended Reconstructed sea surface temperature, and observed snowfall data are analyzed to reveal the relationship between February snowfall and large-scale factors from 1981 to 2014. The Yeongdong snowfall is associated with the sea level pressure patterns over the Gaema Plateau and North Pacific near the Bering Sea, which is remotely associated to the sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the North Pacific. It is presented that the relationship between the Yeongdong snowfall and large-scale factors is strengthened after 1999 when the central north Pacific has warm anomalous SST. These enhanced relationships explain the atmospheric patterns of recent strong snowfall years (2010, 2011, and 2014). It is suggested that the newly defined index in this study based on related SST variability can be used for a seasonal predictor of the Yeongdong snowfall with 2-month leading.

Recently, measures for reducing noise and vibration of a railroad station are actively being developed to enhance its property value and comfort level of passengers. In this paper, the applicability of the recently developed vibration mitigation method utilizing a platform TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) by installing a spring-damper system beneath the platform is experimentally verified using a bench scale structure. The two-story bench scale structure is built to simulate a real railroad station, and vibration reduction effect is verified by comparing acceleration before and after applying the platform TMD at the 2nd floor of the structure. The design parameters of the platform TMD system is determined based on vibration analysis result and the MTMD (Multiple TMD) theory recently developed to enhance the effectiveness of the platform TMD method. The vibration is excited to the bench-scale structure using a vibrator. The performance test result for a spring-damper system is also presented. The result of the experiment reveals that the platform TMD method can reduce the vibration of the bench-scale structure by greater than 5dB(V).

반 건조 소화 하수슬러지와 폐플라스틱을 혼합하여 파일롯 규모(85.3kg/hr)의 연속식 저온 (510℃~530℃) 열분해 실험을 하였다. 실험결과 열분해가스 발생량은 투입물 건량의 최대 68.3%, 발열 량은 40.9 MJ/Nm3 이었으며, 연속식 열분해에 따른 외기 유입율이 19.6%이었다. 오일은 투입물 건량 의 4.2%가 발생하였고, 저위발열량은 32.5 MJ/kg 이었으며 시설부식 등을 일으킬 수 있는 황과 염소의 함량이 각각 0.2% 이상이었다. 투입물 건량의 27.5%가 발생한 탄화물의 저위 발열량은 10.2 MJ/kg 이 었고, 용출시험 결과 지정폐기물에 해당하지 않았다. 열분해가스의 연소 배가스는 일산화탄소, 황산화물, 시안화수소 등의 배출농도가 특히 높았고, 다이옥신 (PCDDs/DFs)은 0.034 ng-TEQ/Sm3 로서 법적 기 준치 이내였다. 건조 배가스 응축으로 발생한 폐수는 수질오염물질 47개 항목 중 총질소, n-H 추출물질, 시안 등의 고농도 항목이 많아 전처리 후 하수처리장 등에서의 병합처리 방식을 고려할 필요가 있었다.