The scope of this study was limited to the first spelling question out of 30 Vietnamese questions of each SAT from 2014 to 2023. To analyze the difficulty of the spelling questions, we analyzed the format of the questions focusing on the questions sentence and examined how many times the vocabulary in the questions was exposed, starting from which page of the EBS CSAT Special Lecture, which is the main exam book in reality. In addition, as another criterion for measuring difficulty, we used the Vietnamese vocabulary classification presented in the standard curriculum developed as part of the Critical foreign Languages Education Promotion to see what level the vocabulary on the question corresponds to. To summarize the characteristics of the four periods divided based on the questions sentence, the difficulty level of the spelling questions was inconsistent over the past 10 years and became difficult in the second period, but through the third and fourth periods, the level of completion increased and the difficulty level found its appropriate level.

This paper compares the language policies implemented in Korea and Japan based on the Korean Language Basic Law and the Promotion of Japanese Language Education Act. The research examines the purpose, background, key policy agencies, measures taken, and achievements of legislation in order to gain insight into the philosophy behind and direction of national language education as a foreign language. The findings are summarized as follows: Firstly, there are differences between Korea and Japan in terms of the process and background of enacting policies for native language education as a foreign language. But in both cases, the legislation regarding language policies carries significant meaning as it imposes obligations on responsible bodies. Secondly, there are points worth noting regarding the content aspect that constitutes educational curricula. Within educational curricula frameworks lie ideological values inherent within them. Both Korean and Japanese languages’ educational curricula as foreign languages fundamentally embrace multilingualism and interculturalism.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the receptive vocabulary size of Korean university students in Chinese. The study was conducted at the end of the 2022 fall semester and focused on the receptive aspect of vocabulary knowledge, specifically on ‘reading.’ The participants were divided into three groups: 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd-4th year students, and a vocabulary assessment was carried out. The assessment vocabulary consisted of 80 items extracted from the HSK (2015) test. As a result, the accuracy rates were 60.07% for the 1st year, 76.98% for the 2nd year, and 80.77% for the 3rd-4th year. After conducting one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests, there were statistically significant differences in scores between the 1st year group and both the 2nd year and 3rd-4th year groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2nd year and 3rd-4th year groups. When comparing the accuracy rates to the cumulative vocabulary of 5,000 words in the HSK level 6, it showed that the 1st year group knew approximately 3,103.50 words, the 2nd year group knew 3,849.00 words, and the 3rd-4th year group knew 4,038.5 words.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the future of second foreign language (hereafter, second FL) education after the high school credit system by understanding the primary/secondary teachers’ perceptions of second FL and the actual organization/operation status of second FL, and then to seek the proper tasks and solutions to expand students’ right to choose subjects, which is the purpose of this system. 324 primary/secondary school teachers participated in this study and the results are as follows. First, the languages the teachers preferred the most and would like to recommend to students were Chinese, other languages, French, and Japanese, in that order. Second, in the results of verifying the value of second FL education the primary/secondary teachers reported that overall they not only perceived the necessity of second FL education but also strongly agreed on the necessity to open various second FL subjects. Third, regarding the status of second FL subject, both Chinese and Japanese were overwhelmingly found in secondary school and a subject presented as a choice to students inquiring about their preferences and demands. This implies that the imbalance in second FL education originated not from students’ demand but from the imbalance of second foreign language teachers.

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the perceptions and attitudes of adult native speakers of Korean and Chinese toward the pronunciation of World Englishes. Fifty-two Korean and 63 Chinese speakers listened to six variations of World Englishes and then completed a questionnaire outlining their perceptions and attitudes toward the different pronunciations. The survey results revealed that Korean adult English learners showed less favorable attitudes toward different pronunciations of World Englishes than Chinese adult language learners did. Korean adult learners preferred American English, but Chinese adult learners preferred Canadian English. Among the three individual variables measured, the first language showed the greatest influence in their responses. The findings of this study imply that, in the context of English education in Korea, it is necessary to raise the awareness of both teachers and learners to the acceptability of World Englishes through exposure to a wide variety of English pronunciations.

The membrane structure should maintain the membrane materials in tension for structural stability guaranty. The anchoring part in the membrane structure is an important part. It has the function to introduce tension into membrane materials and function to transmit stress which membrane materials receives to boundary structure such as steel frames. In this paper, it grasps anchoring system of the anchoring part in the membrane structure concerning the fracturing characteristic condition of membrane structure, and the influence which is caused to yield it designates the stress state when breaking the membrane structure which includes the anchoring part and that stress transition mechanism is elucidated as purpose. This paper follows to previous paper, does 1 axial tensile test concerning the bolting part specimen, grasp of fracturing progress of the bolting part and the edge rope and hardness of the rubber, does the appraisal in addition with the difference of bolt tightening torque. As a result, the influence which the bolt anchoring exerts on the fracturing characteristics of the membrane material in the membrane structure anchoring part is examined.

The seismic retrofits of existing structures have been focused on the control of structural responses which can be achieved by providing displacement capacity through inelastic ductile action at supplemental devices. Due to their hysteretic characteristics, it is expected to sustain damage through repeated inelastic behaviors including residual deformation which might increase repair costs. To solve such drawbacks of existing yielding devices, this study proposes a self-centering disc spring brace that sustains large axial deformation without structural damage while providing stable energy dissipation capacity. The hysteretic behaviors of suggested brace are first investigated based on the quasi-static cyclic test procedure. Experimental results present the effective self-centering behavior and an analytical model is then suggested in order to reasonably capture the flag-shaped hysteretic behavior of the disc spring brace.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze the seismic performance of column with RSB (Replaceable Steel Brace), a steel brace system with slot length as a variable. To evaluate the seismic performance of the RSB, three specimens were manufactured and subjected to cyclic loading tests. The length of the sliding slots were considered to be 5 mm and 10mm to enable the brace to resist the load from the initiation of flexural crack and shear crack. As a result of the test, the specimen reinforced with the RSB showed improved maximun load and effective stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity compared to the non-reinforced specimens. The specimens with 5mm sliding slot showed little difference in test result compared to the specimen with a 10mm sliding slot, indicating that the length of sliding slot has little influence on the effectiveness of RSB.