The focus of this paper was on the establishment of a service design model for digital fabrication. Service design processes and tools were used to identify problems of current digital fabrication systems. Augmented reality was deployed to substantiate two-dimensional information by combining it with digital fabrication equipment to enhance interactivity and engagement. The fuzzy Delphi method was used to consult the expert’s opinions to optimize the model for increasing overall system satisfaction. A two-dimensional quality questionnaire was designed to survey the participant’s opinions on the system’s satisfaction. The result indicated that the participants reacted positively to augmented reality and the service design model. The result of this paper was helpful for the exchange and diffusion of digital knowledge to strengthen people’s interaction with information. It can improve the efficiency of entire value chains, including product development, marketing and service, which is crucial to future innovative design and fabrication practice.

For decontamination and quantification of trace amount of tritium in water, an efficient separation technology capable of enriching tritium in water is required. Electrolysis is a key technology for tritium enichment as it has a high H/T and D/T separation factors. To separate tritium, it is important to develop a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer having high hydrogen isotope separation factor as well as high electrolyzer cell efficiency. However, there has not been sufficient research on the separation factor and cell efficiency according to the composition and manufacturing method of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) Therefore, it is necessary to study the optimal composition and manufacturing method of the MEA in PEM electrolyzer. In this study, the H/D separation factor and water electrolysis cell efficiency of PEM electrolyzer were analyzed by changing the anode and cathode materials and electrode deposition method of the MEA. After the water electrolysis experiment using deionized water, the D/H ratio in water and hydrogen gas was measured using a cavity ring down spectrometer and a mass spectrometer, respectively, and the separation factor was calculated. To calculate the cell efficiency of water electrolysis, a polarization curves were obtained by measuring the voltage changes while increasing the current density. As a result of the study, the water electrolyzer cell efficiency of the MEA fabricated with different anode/cathode configurations and electrode formation methods was higher than that of commercial MEA. On the other hand, the difference in H/D separation factor was not significant depending on the MEA fabrication methods. Therefore, using a cell with high cell efficiency when the separation factor is the same will help construct a more efficient water electrolysis system by lowering the voltage required for water electrolysis.

The dry storage of spent fuel has become an increasingly important issue in the field of nuclear energy. Square-gridded baskets have been widely used for the storage of spent fuel because of their superior heat transfer and structural integrity. In this paper, we review the fabrication process of square-gridded baskets for dry storage of spent fuel. The review includes the design considerations, material selection, manufacturing methods, and quality control measures. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for further improvement in the fabrication of square-gridded baskets. The fabrication of square-gridded baskets is a critical process for the safe and reliable dry storage of spent fuel. The review of the fabrication process highlights the importance of design considerations, material selection, manufacturing methods, and quality control measures. Continued efforts to improve the fabrication process will help to ensure the safe and secure storage of spent fuel.

Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) is one of Generation-IV nuclear reactors that uses molten salts as a fuel and coolant in liquid forms at high temperatures. The advantages of MSR, such as safety, economic feasibility, and scalability, are attributed from the fact that the molten salt fuel in a liquid state is chemically stable and has excellent thermo-physical properties. MSR combines the fuel and coolant by dissolving the actinides (U, Th, TRU, etc.) in the molten salt coolant, eliminating the possibility of a core meltdown accident due to loss of coolant (LOCA). Even if the molten salt fuel leaks, the radioactive fission products dissolved in the molten salt will solidify with the fuel salt at room temperature, preventing potential leakage to the outside. MSR was first demonstrated at ORNL starting with the Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE) in 1954 and was extended to the 7.4 MWth MSRE developed in 1964 and operated for 5 years. Recently, various start-ups, including TerraPower, Terrestrial Energy, Moltex Energy, and Seaborg, have been conducting research and development on various types of MSR, particularly focusing on its inherent safety and simplicity. While in the past, fluoride-based molten salt fuels were used for thermal neutron reactors, recently, a chlorine-based molten salt fuel with a relatively high solubility for actinides and advantageous for the transmutation of spent nuclear fuel and online reprocessing has been developing for fast neutron spectrum MSRs. This paper describes the development status of the process and equipment for producing highpurity UCl3, a fuel material for the chlorine-based molten salt fuel, and the development status of the gas fission product capturing technologies to remove the gaseous fission products generated during MSR operation. In addition, the results of the corrosion property evaluation of structural materials using a natural circulation molten salt loop will also be included.

A mixture of elemental Co50Si50 powders was subjected to mechanical alloying (MA) at room temperature to prepare a CoSi thermoelectric compound. Consolidation of the Co50Si50 mechanically alloyed powders was performed in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) machine using graphite dies up to 800 °C and 1,000 °C under 50 MPa. We have revealed that a nanocrystalline CoSi thermoelectric compound can be produced from a mixture of elemental Co50Si50 powders by mechanical alloying after 20 hours. The average grain size estimated from a Hall plot of the CoSi intermetallic compound prepared after 40 hours of MA was 65 nm. The degree of shrinkage of the consolidated samples during SPS became significant at about 450 °C. All of the compact bodies had a high relative density of more than 94 % with a metallic glare on the surface. X-ray diffraction data showed that the SPS compact produced by sintering mechanically alloyed powders for 40-hours up to 800 °C consisted of only nanocrystalline CoSi with a grain size of 110 nm.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are attracting attention because of their excellent properties and functions; however, they are relatively expensive compared with commercial alloys. Therefore, various efforts have been made to reduce the cost of raw materials. In this study, MIM is attempted using coarse equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi HEA powders. The mixing ratio (powder:binder) for HEA feedstock preparation is explored using torque rheometer. The block-shaped green parts are fabricated through a metal injection molding process using feedstock. The thermal debinding conditions are explored by thermogravimetric analysis, and solvent and thermal debinding are performed. It is densified under various sintering conditions considering the melting point of the HEA. The final product, which contains a small amount of non-FCC phase, is manufactured at a sintering temperature of 1250oC.

바이오물질을 포함하는 나노발전기는 무공해 에너지원이며 생분해성 전자폐기물이라는 점에서 친환경적인 전자소자이다. 특히 바이오 물질이 바이오폐기물로부터 추출될 수 있다면 바이오폐기물의 양도 줄어들 것이다. 본 연구에서는 포유동물의 피부에 존재하는 동물성 콜라겐을 이용하여 마찰전기 나노발전 기를 제작하였고 그 특성평가를 진행하였다. 마찰전기 나노발전기의 전기적 양극층은 회전 도포방법을 이 용하여 콜라겐 막을 형성하여 구성하였으며, 주사전자현미경으로 막이 다공성임을 확인하였다. 제작한 마 찰전기 나노발전기는 주기적인 기계적 운동에 의해 3 Hz에서 7 V부터 5 Hz에서 15 V의 개방전압과 5 Hz에서 3.8 μA의 단락전류를 보였다. 결론적으로, 콜라겐 함유 마찰전기 나노발전기는 센서와 같은 저전 력 구동 장치의 전원이 될 수 있으며 전자 폐기물 감소에도 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

The electroconvection generated on the surface of an ion exchange membrane (IEM) is closely related to the electrical/ chemical characteristics or topology of the IEM. In particular, when non-conductive regions are mixed on the surface of the IEM, it can have a great influence on the transfer of ions and the formation of nonlinear electroconvective vortices, so more theoretical and experimental studies are necessary. Here, we present a novel method for creating microscale non-conductive patterns on the IEM surface by laser ablation, and successfully visualize microscale vortices on the surface modified IEM. Microscale (~300 μm) patterns were fabricated by applying UV nanosecond laser processing to the non-conductive film, and were transferred to the surface of the IEM. In addition, UV nanosecond laser process parameters were investigated for obvious micro-pattern production, and operating conditions were optimized, such as minimizing the heat-affected zone. Through this study, we found that non-conductive patterns on the IEM surface could affect the generation and growth of electroconvective vortices. The experimental results provided in our study are expected to be a good reference for research related to the surface modification of IEMs, and are expected to be helpful for new engineering applications of electroconvective vortices using a non-conductive patterned IEM.

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate amorphous spray-dried microparticles (SDM) containing levosulpiride to increase its solubility. SDM are prepared via solvent evaporation using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the water-soluble polymer and Cremophor RH40 as the surfactant. The SDM is prepared by varying the amounts of PVP and Cremophor RH40, and its physicochemical properties, solubility, and dissolution are confirmed. All levosulpiride-loaded SDMs converted the crystalline drug into an amorphous form, significantly improving drug solubility and dissolution compared with the drug alone. SDM consisting of drug/PVP/Cremophor RH40 in a weight ratio of 5:10:3, with increased solubility (720 ± 36 vs. 1822 ± 51 μg/mL) and dissolution rate (10.3 ± 2.2 vs. 92.6 ± 6.0%) compared with drug alone, shows potential as a commercial drug for improved oral bioavailability of levosulpiride.

In this study, a graphite block is fabricated using artificial graphite processing byproduct and phenolic resin as raw materials. Mechanical and electrical property changes are confirmed due to the preforming method. After fabricating preforms at 50, 100, and 150 MPa, CIP molding at 150 MPa is followed by heat treatment to prepare a graphite block. 150UP-CIP shows a 12.9% reduction in porosity compared with the 150 MPa preform. As the porosity is decreased, the bulk density, flexural strength, and shore hardness are increased by 14.9%, 102.4%, and 13.7%, respectively; and the deviation of density and electrical resistivity are decreased by 51.9% and 34.1%, respectively. Therefore, as the preforming pressure increases, the porosity decreases, and the electrical and mechanical properties improve.

In this research, the a novel finishing machine was used for hight-precision surface of spherical ball products that have been widely used for on/off valve for hydrogen energy flowing system and in medical field such as artificial hip joint component. The spherical balls products are the workpiece that made by Co-Cr-Mo alloys with 32-mm in diameter and Sa≈ 0.30μm in surface roughness. Their surface roughness was successfully improved via the magnetic abrasive tools that controlled the magnetic field of permanent magnets. The critical input conditions were selected as rotational speed: 800rpm, gap: 3mm, tool grain size: 1-μm finishing time: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15min. The results of this research showed that under the given finishing conditions, the high surface quality in the terms of surface precision of spherical ball products are successfully achieved, in which the surface roughness is reduced from 0.30-μm to 0.04-μm within the short finishing time at 12min. Therefore, it can be concluded that a novel finishing machine is feasible to be used for improving the surface roughness of spherical ball products, resulted in high surface precision of materials.

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of spray drying conditions on medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) loading, solubility, and release of an MCT-loaded solid self-emulsifying system in a water-insoluble oily substance. MCT-loaded solid self-emulsifying systems are prepared by spray drying with SDS and calcium silicate. The effects of inlet temperature (60, 80, or 100oC) and feed solution composition (0, 10, 50, 90, or 100% ethanol) on physicochemical properties of MCT-loaded solid self-emulsifying systems are studied. The inlet temperature significantly affects the water solubility of MCT. Moreover, the feed solution composition significantly affects water solubility, release rate, and MCT loading. The MCT-loaded solid self-emulsifying system obtained at 60oC using 90% ethanol feed solution shows the best physicochemical properties among the synthesized products and exhibits better water solubility (4.43 ± 0.44 vs. 0 μg/mL) and release (94.4 ± 1.6 vs. 32.8 ± 7.4%, 60 min) than a commercial product. Furthermore, the MCT-loaded solid self-emulsifying system shows an excellent emulsion droplet size (approximately 230 nm).

Thermal protection systems (TPS) are a group of materials that are indispensable for protecting spacecraft from the aerodynamic heating occurring during entry into an atmosphere. Among candidate materials for TPS, ceramic insulation materials are usually considered for reusable TPS. In this study, ceramic insulation materials, such as alumina enhanced thermal barrier (AETB), are fabricated via typical ceramic processing from ceramic fiber and additives. Mixtures of silica and alumina fibers are used as raw materials, with the addition of B4C to bind fibers together. Reaction-cured glass is also added on top of AETB to induce water-proof functionality or high emissivity. Some issues, such as the elimination of clumps in the AETB, and processing difficulties in the production of reusable surface insulation are reported as well.