Powder forging has progressed in three decades through the stages of incubation, growth, and maturity, now accounting for 8% of the 5 B global PM market. In this presentation, a history of the technical development of powder forging will be recounted, from early failed attempts and misconceptions, through seminal academic and industrial research, to technical and commercial success. Discussion covers the contributions of government and industrial funding, fundamental knowledge development, and industrial champions for successful implementation. The focus is on lessons learned that may be beneficial to the transition of other technologies for the powder metallurgy industry.

The Internet, as a general utility for carrying information and communication technologies, provides a vehicle for the unprecedented availability of information. The global proliferation of the Internet and the increasing speeds of transmission mean that information is available anywhere in world, at the time and place of one’s choice, and in a manner that encourages individual exploration (Tomlinson-Keasey, 2002). For educators, information and communication technology (ICT), including the Internet, holds the promise of not only greater access but also higher quality learning materials provided to students at a lower cost, coupled with the possibility of a more learnercentered paradigm of instruction. Meanwhile, technological and economic development has placed greater demands on education systems in many countries, calling for people who are more adaptable to change, more innovative and creative, and better able to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Are Asian and Pacific countries meeting these challenges? This UNESCO publication, Integrating ICT into Education, clearly supports the claim that ICT has been embraced in education, at least in the six economies examined, and has made an impact on education systems. A wealth of experiences, good practices, and lessons has been generated for the benefit of others in the region. The purpose of this book is (1) to describe lessons learned in integrating ICT programs based on based on the experiences of six Asian countries— Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—and (2) to synthesize and analyze ICT integration experiences in connection with specific lessons learned and highlight best practices and the need for further improvements.

미국의 실리콘밸리와 대만의 신주공업단지는 종종 첨단 산업집적단지의 성공적 모델로 불리어진다. 이들 두 지역의 성공 및 경쟁력에 대한 지배적 설명은 전통적으로 경제활동의 공간적 집적이 가져다주는 경제적 이익을 제시하기 위해 사용된 “외부규모의 경제”에 이론적 기반을 두고 있다. 그러나, 외부경제란 개념만으로 이들 지역의 역동적 발전과 모방하기 힘든 경쟁력을 설명하기에는 부족함이 많았다. 본 논문은 이들 지역에서 역사적으로 전개되어진 기업과 외부 경제주체들

미국의 실리콘밸리와 대만의 신주공업단지는 종종 첨단 산업집적단지의 성공적 모델로 불리어진다. 이들 두 지역의 성공 및 경쟁력에 대한 지배적 설명은 전통적으로 경제활동의 공간적 집적이 가져다주는 경제적 이익을 제시하기 위해 사용된 “외부규모의 경제”에 이론적 기반을 두고 있다. 그러나, 외부경제란 개념만으로 이들 지역의 역동적 발전과 모방하기 힘든 경쟁력을 설명하기에는 부족함이 많았다. 본 논문은 이들 지역에서 역사적으로 전개되어진 기업과 외부 경제주체들과의 관계를 사회적 자본, 네트워크 기반 산업시스템분석, 자원기반이론 등을 토대로 분석하여 이들 두 지역이 첨단집적단지로서의 성공요인과 경쟁우위에 대해서 살펴보고자 했다. 아울러 본 논문은 이들 두 지역에 있어서 발전적 협력관계를 분석함으로서 국내에서 이러한 첨단산업단지를 개발하고 발전시키기 위해 필요한 것이 무엇인지를 검토하고 이에 필요한 정책적 시사점을 몇 가지 제시했다.

본 연구에서는 예비교사를 대상으로 이루어지는 뇌관련 교육의 현황을 확인하고 이러한 교육과 뇌가소성 지식 및 믿음 간 관계를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 955명(초등 349명, 중등 606명)의 예비교사가 뇌 관련 경험에 대해 응답하였으며 이들 중 514명(초등 266명, 중등 248명)은 추가적으로 뇌가소성 지식과 믿음 수준에 대해 응답하였다. 연구 결과 30%(955명 중 288명)의 예비교사들이 뇌관련 교육 경험을 가지고 있었다. 뇌가소성 지식 4문항 중 한 문항("학습은 신경연결망의 변화와 관련이 있다")이 초등 예비교사와 전체에서 뇌관련 교육 경험이 있을 때 더 높은 정답률을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 뇌가소성에 대한 믿음은 뇌지식이 교수에 도움이 된다고 믿는 정도와 중요하다고 생각하는 정도와 정적 상관을 보였으며 이러한 관계는 초등 및 중등 예비교사에서 모두 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 현재 이루어지고 있는 뇌관련 교육 경험이 예비교사들의 뇌가소성 지식 및 믿음과 낮은 연관을 가짐을 보여준다. 예비교사를 대상으로 한 뇌가소성 지식과 믿음을 높일 수 있는 프로그램이 개발되어야 할 것이다.

The study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies and resilience of tobacco farmers to face unfavorable trading system. The research method refers to a qualitative approach with phenomenological models and case studies. The findings revealed tobacco farmers in Jember developed various adaptation strategies and resilience through farmer group organizations, partnerships, self-capacity building and access to financial institutions based on economic, social, cultural, and experience values from various sources and interactions among fellow tobacco farmers. The tobacco trading system, which is left to the market mechanism, results in low bargaining power of farmers, this encourages tobacco farmers to develop various adaptation and survival strategies, namely through collective activities of farmer groups, partnerships and self-development and access to financial institutions. Dealing with the unfavorable tobacco trading system, tobacco farmers do not switch to other commodity farming but adapt and make Jember a center for tobacco production in East Java and Indonesia. From this findings, it suggests to the government as the regulator does not only provide subsidies for tobacco farmers, but also must provide various technical assistance to increase the ability of tobacco farmers. More importantly, regulations must be made benefit tobacco farmers other than corporations so that equality can be enjoyed by tobacco economy players.

There has been an increasing trend for the installation of pipeline waste collection systems for household waste in the massive complexes of new houses in Korea. This trend is attributed to the advantages of the system, which can reduce traffic congestion and keep the residential areas clean. The system also prevents odors and facilitates the easy discharge of waste by residents any time. However, several problems have been identified, whereby the installation and maintenance costs of the system are considerable and the system does not support separate discharge of recyclable wastes. For example, residents normally discharge food waste separate from disposable municipal solid waste at the waste drop, but some of the systems mix them at the bottom and transfer them together, which goes against resources recirculation, an important point of current waste management principles. Investigation into other countries’ experiences of the installation and operation of these systems will be a good lesson for Korea. Therefore, we studied Japan’s case, because they have a number of these systems between the 1970s and early 1990s as government-subsidized model projects led by the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. However, it was done at a time when the reduction of discharge of wastes and recycling were not considered significant owing to rapid economic development, only focusing on the convenience of waste collection and transportation. Furthermore, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were not priorities to be considered. Now that the systems are not suitable for the current resource recycling-oriented society, none have been installed since 2002, and many facilities have been closed already, with a few facilities operating with difficulties. Therefore, the installation of pipeline collection systems for household waste should be further considered with appropriate measures to avoid the precedent experiences of Japan.

In this paper, a brief but essential development strategy for the lunar orbit determination system is discussed to prepare for the future Korea’s lunar missions. Prior to the discussion of this preliminary development strategy, technical models of foreign agencies for the lunar orbit determination system, tracking networks to measure the orbit, and collaborative efforts to verify system performance are reviewed in detail with a short summary of their lunar mission history. Covered foreign agencies are European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Indian Space Research Organization and China National Space Administration. Based on the lessons from their experiences, the preliminary development strategy for Korea’s future lunar orbit determination system is discussed with regard to the core technical issues of dynamic modeling, numerical integration, measurement modeling, estimation method, measurement system as well as appropriate data formatting for the interoperability among foreign agencies. Although only the preliminary development strategy has been discussed through this work, the proposed strategy will aid the Korean astronautical society while on the development phase of the future Korea’s own lunar orbit determination system. Also, it is expected that further detailed system requirements or technical development strategies could be designed or established based on the current discussions.

Restoration is the process of reducing or reversing damage to an ecosystem so that it can function in its original manner. However, many restoration programs do not achieve this. In the Nakdong Estuary, the largest migratory nesting site in the center of the East Asian–Australasian flyway, an estuarine barrage was constructed in the 1980s that required site restoration following its completion in 1987 and the expansion of several large industrial complexes(Noksan and Jangrim) and a residential development(Myeongji). The goal of the restoration was to restore the function of the wetland to its pre-disturbance state. To achieve this, a restoration program was designed consisting of three stages. The first stage(1993– 1995), saw the construction of three artificial wetlands(Shinhori, Daemadeung, and Eulsuk), the second(2003–2005) involved the dredging and returning of farmed lands to their natural state, and the third(2008–2012) focused on the rehabilitation and vegetation development of the wetlands. However, the project has not achieved all of the desired goals, and it is an example of the lapses in ecological restoration following anthropogenic disturbance. Issues that resulted in an incomplete restoration included the timing of the stages, noncompliance with the restoration plan, not directly monitoring the restoration or continuing the monitoring following completion of the development project, and the political subversion of the restoration plan. For the success of the restoration plan, it is necessary to avoid mistakes such as inconsistent monitoring, unequal levels of stakeholder involvement, and political interference.