The emergy concept was used to valuate the contributions of a tidal flat ecosystem included in the fourth stage reclamation plan for the Youngsan River area to the Korean economy. Emergy contributions of the ecosystem were compared with those of economic valuations performed on the same ecosystem. The tidal flat ecosystem contributed 3.55 million Em\/ha annually. This, however, cannot be compared directly with those of the economic valuations because both methodologies approach the valuation of ecosystems in different perspectives. The emergy methodology is a donor-based valuation in which what goes into making a product or service is measured, while the economic valuation is a receiver-based approach in which human receivers determine the value of an ecosystem product or service. An emergy valuation was conducted for the three ecosystem functions included in the economic valuations to compare the results of both methodologies on the same basis. Fishery production and pollutants removal contributed 9.86 million Em\/ha/yr and 0.88 million Em\/ha/yr, respective1y. The conservation value of the tidal flat ecosystem was 3.55 million Em\/ha/yr. Overall, the emergy valuation that try to include works of both human and nature on the same basis resulted in higher economic contribution of the tidal flat ecosystem than that calculated by the economic methodologies in which only human works are measured based on the willingness-to-pay of people. This study showed that the emergy concept could provide an alternative tool for policy decision-making regarding utilization and conservation of ecosystems by approaching the ecosystem valuation from a different perspective than that of economic methodologies.

‘사회적 실천’은 ‘개인의 도덕수양’과 다르다. 그것에는 반드시 지켜져야 하는 총칙， 즉 무엇보다도 중요한 절대가치가 있다. 그리고 이런 총칙에 따라 실천할 수 있는 방법들이 존재한다. 모든 사회실천은 이런 총칙과 방법들에 근거해서 수행되어야 한다. 그리고 우리는 그것을 분명한 기준을 갖고 올바로 판단， 평가해야 한 다. 이 글은 이상의 내용을， 왕부지의 사장에 근거하여 서술한 것이다. 원론적이고 추상적이긴 하지만， 모든 사람이 인간다운 행복한 삶을 영위하는 것 이 사회실천의 총칙이라는 왕부지의 주장은 만고불변의 진리라고 생각한다. 그리고 그런 총칙을 온전히 실현하기 위해 제시된 방법이나， 실천의 구체적언 내용 및 판단 평가의 기준 또한 우리가 심각하게 고려할만한 가치가 있다고 보여진다. 혹자 는 왕부지의 이런 주장은 일반적이고 추상적이기 때문에， 하등의 효과를 얻기 어렵다고 평가절하 할지도 모르겠다. 그러나 철학사상이라는 것이 현실의 문제를 직접적으로 해결하려는 학문이 아니라 그 해결의 이론적 근거를 제공하는 것인 한， 그와 같은 비판은 아무 위협이 되지 않을 것이다. 만일 분명한 이론적 근거를 갖는 원칙들이 정립된다면， 현재 우리가 목도하고 있는 형편없는 수준의 혼란상은 자연스럽게 소멸되리라고 확신한다.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of rural waste disposal facilities that are one of the rural environmental improvement projects using contingent valuation method(CVM) in Gyongsangbuk-do, Korea. This study surveyed 1,089 households about the WTP(Willing To Pay) of rural waste disposal facilities policy in Gyongsangbuk-do and it was composed with city level and town level. The overall results show that the respondents well accepted the contingent market and would be willing to pay(WTP) a significant amount for the proposed policy program of rural waste disposal facilities. The values estimated for the rural waste disposal facilities are as follows : 1. The maximum WTP was \10,466 in City level and it was \9,104 in town level by per year. 2. The mean WTP was \9,257 in City revel and it was \8,636 in town lever by per year. 3. Total economic benefits for the household amounted to \7,989,046,270 per year. This result can be used to useful base data fir the policy programs of rural waste disposal facilities.

The expansion of demand associated with leisure, which has resulted from the elevated standard of living, has made the domestic tourist demand diversified. Recently, people, especially urban population, show the higher interest and need for environmentally friendly rural tourism. This study aims to grasp the utilization of recreation roles of tourist farms and then to evaluate the economic value for recreation roles of tourist farm using Traveling Cost Method. Data were collected from a survey in 2003. The results show that its value is 62,037 won per head annually and so the tourist farms play their role of connecting the urban population with rural amenity.

A the circumstances surrounding world ports have changed rapidly, Port competition to attract more cargoes is increasing fiercely. Especially, fierce competition to attract the increasing container cargoes has caused main container ports not only to invest enormous fund to modernize its port facilities but also to improve efficiency in port operation and management. But, it is hard to buila differentiation strategy with general port operation according to investing continuously enormous fund into main ports. In this situation, port marketing like 4P mix is of the immediate necessity and in this point, this paper estimated Brand Equity that have risen the core ability of marketing strategy, to transshipment port using Conjoint Analysis. In this analysis result, this paper shows that the brand equity of port significantly devoted to selection of transshipment port. This means that brand of port can attract considerable transshipment cargo. Then it has to induce customer loyalty for this brand extension.

This paper deals with the method of determining the drag of hull surface which has any quality of roughness. The method consists mainly of the theoretical point of view, then the theory enables the drag coefficient to be calculated at full scale. The hydrodynamical roughness function of hull surface △U+, affected by the hull roughness are considered as to two cases, smooth surface and rough surface case separately. The inadequacy of a single parameter to define hull roughness is discussed and thus an as additional texture parameter is proposed.