국제 원자재 가격 상승 및 환경규제 강화 등으로 인해 폐자원의 재활용에 대한 관심이 높아지고 경제적 가치가 부각되고 있다. 그 중 일상적인 전자제품들은 편의성에 따라 널리 사용되며 폐기시 유해물질로 인한 각종 환경오염 문제를 일으킨다. 이에 정부는 폐전기・전자제품의 재활용 활성화를 위하여 EPR 제도를 도입하여 시행하고 있으며, 2014년 폐소형가전까지 확대 지정하여 EPR 대상품목에 포함하였다. 폐소형가전의 경우 해마다 새로운 제품들이 쏟아져 나오며 재활용 대상 폐가전제품의 발생량도 크게 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 가볍고, 성형이 쉬운 플라스틱을 가전제품에 사용할 경우에는 화재에 취약하다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 특히, 소형가전제품에는 화재예방을 위한 난연제, 제품의 상품성을 높이기 위한 착색제, 제품을 보호하기 위한 코팅제 및 대전방지제 등 각종 첨가제들을 여러 종류 사용하고 있다. 난연제의 경우 우수한 난연 성능 및 저렴한 가격으로 인하여 브롬화난연제(Brominated Flame Retardants, BFRs)를 가장 널리 사용하고 있으며, 대표적인 브롬화난연제는 PBDE(polybrominated diphenyl ether), TBBPA(Tetrabromobisphenol A), HBCD(Hexabromocyclododecane) 등이 있다. 가전제품으로부터 회수한 플라스틱의 효율적인 재활용을 위해서는 브롬화난연제가 함유된 플라스틱의 사전제거가 중요하다. 브롬화난연제를 함유한 플라스틱을 인식/식별하는 기술은 개발되었으나, 선별기술의 상용화사례는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 레이저 기반 기술을 이용하여 폐소형가전에서 회수한 플라스틱 중 브롬화난연제를 함유한 플라스틱의 특성을 파악하였다. 향후 폐소형가전으로부터 발생한 플라스틱의 효율적인 재활용을 위한 선별기술 개발 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

The use of electrical and electronic products made of low specific gravity and easy processing plastics has increased alongside industrial development. As these products were abandoned, environmental problems such as Dioxine and Furan began to rise. Accordingly, through long-time reviews and discussions, the EU has implemented the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations. In addition, the Stockholm Convention was adopted in April 2011 to regulate wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Therefore, the Basel Convention issued technical guidelines and environmentally friendly treatments for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Proper management and treatment plans that are suitable to Korea’s circumstances are required for Korea to respond to both conventions and changing trends in international POPs management. In this regard, the study identified domestic and international trends in environmental regulations and usages, obtained fundamental data for the management of waste containing brominated flame retardants, and investigated the current status of waste generation in Korea. The results of analyses were used to make a lab-scale incineration reactor as the basis for setting incineration temperature ranges for experiments. After incineration, five general air pollutants (O2, CO, CO2, SOx, and NOx) and three components of BRFs in emission gases and flooring were analyzed to identify whether the PBDEs in waste can be destroyed in a stable and environmental manner during heat treatment. In the analysis, HRMS was used for PBDEs and GC/MS/MS for TBBPA and HBCD. PBDD/DFs was proportionally increased in facilities that had high concentrations of PCDD/DFs during incineration. In conclusion, wastes containing brominated flame retardants in Korea can be incinerated in an environmentally friendly manner.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including PBDEs, TBBPA, and HBCD have been used in a variety of products such as automobiles, electronic products, building materials, and textiles. Because some of BFRs are known to be toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative in the environment, they have a great potential and possibility of human exposure and the environmental release through the use, treatment and disposal of products containing BFRs. Although there have been various efforts on laws and regulations of the restriction on the use of BFRs in many countries, only limited information regarding the levels, flow, treatment technology and regulations of products and wastes containing BFRs is available. In this study, the levels, current regulations and treatment guideline on products and wastes containing BFRs in electronics, automotives, construction materials, and textiles have been examined and summarized. Relative high levels of BFRs in TVs, construction materials and end-of-life vehicles were found, while textiles contained less amounts of BFRs. According to the study, more strengthened regulations are currently underway around the world. Thus, more limited use of BFRs such as deca-BDE in products and wastes is expected. Other chemicals such as TBBPA and HBCD are being evaluated for toxicity and risk assessment. Specific regulatory guideline of BFRs containing products after use (e.g. collection, separation, treatment) should be developed to prevent the widespread dispersion in the environment and human exposure of such chemicals as a result of improper disposal such as incineration and landfilling.

Elemental analysis, calorific value, etc. were measured to obtain basic information such as decomposition temperature and required oxygen amount for thermal treatment of waste containing chlorine-based flame retardant. Moisture, flammability and ash content of polyurethane foam were high in water, flammable rubber sheet in case of ash and flame retardant rubber sheet in case of ash. As a result of thermogravimetric analysis, the weight change in the range of 300 ~ 600 ℃ was large. The content of chlorinated flame retardant agent was analyzed to be higher than that of polyurethane foam (4,253.09 mg/kg), cell phone case (cloth, leather) 628.29 mg/kg and flame retardant rubber sheet 341.91 mg/kg. Chlorinated flame retardant materials, TDCP and TDCPP, were not detected in all samples. As a result of the decomposition tests for chlorine-based flame retardants at 850 ℃ and 1,100 ℃, chlorine-based flame retardant components were not detected in exhaust gas at all at 1,100 ℃ as well as at 850 ℃ in all samples including mobile phone cases, flame retardant rubber sheets and car seats. As a result of calculating the conversion rate for total chlorine value, it showed more than 99% even at 850 ℃ as well as at 1,100 ℃. Considering the decomposition rate in laboratory experiments of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes, it is considered possible to incinerate at a scale of 2 ton/hour or more, which is the existing incineration facility. It is judged that it is not necessary to set separate operating conditions or preventive facility standards since the material is decomposed sufficiently at 850 ℃ or more. However, considering the possibility of dioxin or unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered appropriate to operate at above 1,100 ℃.

The Stockholm Convention is an agreement to reduce POPs use, production and emissions. POPs are highly toxic substances and can not be decomposed in their natural state. It has the characteristic of long distance movement. In this study, we calculated the theoretical air volume based on the result of element analysis. Considering that the inside of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. Also, the retention time was set to 4 seconds or longer by giving a margin. The incineration temperature was 850℃ and 1,100℃ degrees. As a result of thermogravimetric method analysis, the weight of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes was 300∼600℃, and that of organic chlorine-based pesticides was 200∼400℃. On the basis of this, it was experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using lab-scale, 1 kg/hr. As a result of analyzing five kinds of exhaust gas, the concentration of O2 was high, but the amount of CO was decreased. It is considered that complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of lab-scale. The chlorinated flame retardants had a decomposition rate of 100 % and the average organochlorine pesticides were 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of chlorinated flame retardants and organochlorine containing pesticide derived wastes derived from this study, incineration treatment at over 2 tons/hour, which is a conventional incinerator, is considered to be possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered possible to operate at more than 1,100℃.

PBDEs, TBBPA 및 HBCD를 포함한 브롬계 난연제(BFRs)는 자동차, 전자 제품, 건축 자재 및 직물과 같은 다양한 제품에 사용되고 있다. 일부 브롬화 난연제는 환경적으로 독성, 지속성, 생체 축적성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 브롬화 난연제를 함유한 제품의 사용, 처리 및 처분을 통한 인체 노출 및 환경 배출 가능성이 있다. 많은 국가에서 브롬화 난연제 사용에 대한 규제에 관한 법률 및 규정이 다양하게 시행되고 있지만 BFR을 포함하는 제품 및 폐기물의 수준, 흐름, 처리 기술 및 규정에 관한 정보는 제한적으로 이용 가능한 실정이다. 본 연구의 연구 방법은 먼저 국내 브롬화 난연제 적용 현황 및 함유 제품 및 폐기물 내 브롬화 난연제 함량을 파악하였다. 또한 국내외 브롬화 난연제 함유 제품 및 폐기물에 대한 규제현황 및 처리현황을 파악하고 국내에서 적용 가능한 브롬화 난연제 함유 폐기물에 대한 관리기준 및 처리 방안울 제시하고자 하였다. 국내 브롬화 난연제 적용 현황, 함유 제품 및 폐기물 내 브롬화 난연제 함량 검토, 브롬화 난연제 함유 제품 및 폐기물의 규제현황 및 처리현황은 관련 연구보고서 및 논문검토 등 문헌조사 및 통계자료 조사를 통하여 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 1) 국내 유통되는 브롬화 난연제의 사용량은 전기･전자/자동차제품에 범용으로 적용되는 경우가 가장 많았으며(11,077톤), 전기전자, 건축자재, 운송수단의 순이었다. 2) 브롬화난연제 함유 폐기물 내 함량은 폐전기전자제품의 경우 TV가, 건축자재에서는 보온단열재 및 재활용 원료에서 높게 나타났다. 3) 국내외 브롬화 난연제 함유 제품 및 폐기물의 규제현황을 검토한 결과, 전 세계적으로 브롬화 난연제를 규제대상물질로 설정하여 제품 및 폐기물 내 함유 농도로 관리하고 있으나, 국내의 경우 폐기물에 대한 정의 및 관리기준이 수립되어 있지 않았다. 4) 국외 BFRs 함유 폐기물 처리 기술에 대한 조사 결과 재활용, 매립, 물리화학적 처리, 에너지회수 및 소각처리를 하고 있으며 EU 등 일부 국가에서는 브롬화 난연제 함유 물질의 매립을 금지하고 스톡홀름협약에서 제시한 최적가용조건으로 소각처리를 하고 있으나, 국내의 경우 아직까지 브롬화 난연제 함유 폐기물에 대한 처리지침이 수립되어 있지 않다. 본 연구는 브롬화 난연제 함유 폐기물 처리 및 적정 관리 방안 마련을 위한 자료로 활용이 가능하며, 항후 브롬화 난연제를 포함한 잔류성 유기 오염물 관리에 대한 정책 기초자료로 활용할 수 있다.

With industrial development, the use of electrical and electronic products made of low-specific-gravity and easyprocessing plastics has increased. As these products have been abandoned, environmental problems, such as Dioxine and Furan, have begun to arise. Accordingly, through long-time reviews and discussions, the EU has implemented the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations. Additionally, the Stockholm Convention was adopted in April 2011 for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Therefore, the Basel Convention issued technical guidelines on environment-friendly treatment for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. For Korea to respond to both the conventions and changing trends in international persistent organic pollutant (POP) management, proper management and treatment plans suitable to Korean circumstances are required. In this regard, the study identified domestic and international trends in environmental regulations and usages, obtained fundamental data for the management of wastes containing brominated flame retardants, and investigated the current status of waste generation in Korea. Based on the results, six target samples were selected and evaluated to see if they were heat-treatable through content analysis, three-component analysis, element analysis, calorific value analysis, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The results of the analyses were used to make a lab-scale incineration reactor, and the results of the TGA analysis became the basis for setting the incineration temperature ranges for experiments. After incineration, five general air pollutants (O2, CO, CO2, SOx, and NOx) and three components of BRFs in the emission gas and flooring were analyzed to identify if the PBDEs in wastes can be destroyed in a stable and environmental manner during heat treatment.

본 연구에서는 부산 해운대 화재사고(2010년)와 같은 고층 건축물 화재시, 외벽 외장재를 통한 수직화재확산 피해를 저감시키기 위하여 도입이 검토 되고 있는 실대형 시험법의 교정 절차에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 일본 동경이과대학 화재과학연구실의 외장재 시험장치를 이용한 교정시험을 실시하였으며, 화원으로는 도시가스를 사용한 경우와 대체화원인 목재클립을 적재한 화원 각 2경우에 대하여 시험을 실시하였다. 측정항목은 각각의 경우에 대하여 열류량과 온도를 측정하였다. 교정시험결과 두 경우 모두 표준시험법에서 제시하고 있는 열류량 기준(55 kw/m2)보다 3배가량 높은 150 kw/m2 측정되었으며, 온도 기준(800 ℃) 역시 1,000℃ 상회하는 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 표준시험법에서 가스의 공급량만을 규정하고 있을 뿐 공기 공급량 및 실험시 후드의 높이 그리고 주변 기류 조건등 기타 조건에 대한 명확한 세부 조건이 제시하지 않아 생기는 문제로 분석된다. 따라서, 이로 인한 균일한 화재조건 구현이 이루어지 어려울 것으로 판단되며, 특히 외장재의 수직화재확산 정도를 평가하기에는 너무도 가혹한 화재조건인 것으로 평가되었다. 본 실험을 통하여 표준시험법의 보다 명확한 화재원 확립 및 교정 시험 절차 개정을 위한 기초 자료를 수집하였으며, 이를 토대로 한 개정 심의 활동이 전개되어야 할 것으로 평가 되었다.

The purpose of this study is to improve the fire prevention performance using the fire venetian blind louver subjected to burning by fire flame. The investigation is based on testing 2 full scale specimens, which is 3m × 3m module, 850 × 1500mm open, and 900mm × 900mm × 175mm venetian blind louver. Two louver thickness (1.5 and 2.0mm) were adopted. The specimens were exposed to fire flame temperature levels of ISO834 at the lower surface of the fire venetian blind louver specimens with exposure duration of one hour in Korea Institute of Construction Technology (KICT). It was found from the test results that the values of distributed temperature, decreased for all specimens for protecting to fire flame by venetian blind louver. The results of tests were a good fire prevention performance between in initial to 6 mins. At 60 minutes around ISO 834 fire loading, the percentages of distributed temperature in 500mm and 800mm height ranged between 11 and 10% respectively, regardless of louver thickness. This study, therefore, will improve the fire venetian blind louver for fire protection and prevention performance.

Considering the high potential of the widely-used halogenated hydrocarbons on the global warming and ozone depletion, the development of effective thermal destruction methods of these compounds are quite urgent and indispensible. As part of the research efforts of this area, the destruction of CCl4 and flame characteristics have been investigated numerically by the co-firing CCl4 with CH4 in an industrial LNG-fired combustor as a function of molar ratio of the CCl4 to CH4 using a commercial code of STAR-CCM+. Considering a broad range of Damkohler number associated with the process of intensive CHCs (Chlorinated hydrocarbons) combustion with auxiliary fuel together with the inhibition reaction especially near flammability limits, a proper combustion modeling of CCl4 thermal destruction is quite desirable. In this study, however, after careful review of the literature about the flame characteristics of halogenated hydrocarbon together with the previous study about the modeling of the CCl4 flame based on the data of burning velocity, the eddy breakup turbulent combustion model was employed since it is quite reasonably assumed that chain branching reaction looks dominant in most flame region over the halogenated inhibition effect in strong turbulent reacting flows. One of the most useful results based on this study is that; without any incorporation of flame inhibition effect, the length of co-fired flame increases steadily as the ratio of CCl4 to CH4 (R) increases from 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 to 0.5, and 1.0 together with the increase of the maximum flame and exit gas temperature. The reason of the increase of the flame length with the increase of flame temperature can be explained by the presence of the additional CCl4 fuel with low heating value. Further a detailed discussion has been made on the thermal destruction of CCl4 together with the Cl2 concentration by Deacon reaction.

In this study, the silicone-based flame retardant compound is combined in case of fire, the fire-resistance board structure stability and durability, performance, such as the possibility of secure confirmation. For this purpose, a silicon compound ATH, MDH, MC, a flame retardant of ocher made by the weight ratio, the thermal properties of the specimen analysis tests were carried out.

This study assessed the analysis method for measuring volatile organic silicon compounds (namely as siloxanes) by usinggas chromatography with flame ionization detector. Calibration standard gas was made in a laboratory by using six volatileorganic silicons as model gas. Two different types of working gas were prepared to evaluate quality control in GC-FIDanalysis. Less than 0.2 RSD% of repeatability of retention time was observed in the analysis of calibration standard gas. Inthe linearity test, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.997 for L2 among volatile organic siliconcompounds. This study demonstrated that quantification of volatile organic silicon compounds can be performed by usingGC-FID analysis with direct injection mode, and the GC calibration can be covered by the gas-phase standard method.

In this study, conducted an experiment for fire-resistance of silicone/inorganic flame retardant composites as fire resistant materials. Thermal characteristic analysis were performed by TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis) and Fire-resistance analysis performed by flame test. Through this study, we realized that the silicone/inorganic flame retardant composites have fire resistance and potential as Fire resistant materials.

An Asiatic lily cultivar ‘Red Flame’ was developed in 2011 at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), of Korea. The cross was made between female parents Lilium Asiatic ‘A01-78’ and male parents L. Asiatic ‘Rodrigo’ in 2001. Preliminarily selection was done as ‘A04-8’ in 2004. Multiplication and bulb formation, and characteristic tests were conducted from 2005 to 2010. The evaluation of this line was performed and named as ‘Wongyo C1-110’ in 2011. ‘Red Flame’ flowers at the first days of June and grows average 95.6 cm. It flowers upward-facing, dark red (RHS, R45A) with the size of flower 15.7 cm. Mean petal length and width is 9.7 cm and 3.0 cm, respectively. Leaves are 11 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, respectively. The weight and size of bulb is 52 g and 18 cm, respectively. Year-round flowering can be by storing the bulb under -1.5℃ conditions. For forcing culture, it is necessary to add calcium to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. It is needed to control Botrytis disease in wet season.

Natural gas possesses several characteristics that make it desirable as an engine fuel ; 1)lower production cost, 2)abundant commodity and 3)cleaner energy source than gasoline. Due to the physics characteristics of natural gas, the volumetric efficiency and flame speed of a natural gas engine are lower than those of a gasoline engine, which results in a power loss of 10-20% when compared to a normal gasoline engine. This paper describes the results of a research to improve the performance of a natural gas engine through the modification and controls of compression ratio, air/fuel ratio, spark advance and supercharging and method of measuring flame propagation velocity. It emphasizes how to improve the power characteristics of a natural gas engine. Combustion characteristics are also studied using an ion probe. The ion probe is applied to measure flame speed of gasoline and methane fuels to confirm the performance improvement of natural gas engine combustion characteristics.