This essay is a reflection on the significance of U.S. accountability to the struggles of Jeju Islanders for reparations. Under international law, a strong case can be made for the United States’ obligation to acknowledge its role in the Jeju atrocities and to provide compensation to the victims.1 Addressing the United States’ responsibility for complicity in these actions will prove controversial, no doubt, for it has significant implications not for U.S. actions in other parts of the world but for all states engaged in military occupations or acting through surrogate governments. These legal and political ramifications diminish the likelihood of voluntary remedial action by the United States, and the international legal system is ill-suited to compel compliance. Nonetheless, even if Jeju Islanders are ultimately unable to obtain full satisfaction from the United States government for its role in the atrocities to which they have been subjected, I believe that recognition of the international legal obligations incurred by the U.S. in that process can reinforce the legitimacy of their claims, thereby aiding in the restoration of their dignity and supporting their on-going struggles for self-determination.

This study was conducted to determined the status and geographical distribution of the alien invasive Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) turtle on Jeju Island. We found thirty-two Red-eared slider habitats including twenty-five ponds, five agricultural reservoirs, a puddle and a stream. Among those, thirteen sites are newly determined habitats of the turtle. The remaining nineteen are previously reported. However, we could not find any turtles at nine sites, which were documented as turtle habitats in earlier reports. A total of one hundred thirty-three turtles were observed. Among them, we determined that thirty-nine were juvenile turtles, found in nineteen different habitats, indicating estimating that Red-eared sliders produced their progeny in the wild of this island. Because of geographical isolation by the ocean, no freshwater turtle had been found until 19th Century. Therefore, the increased number of finding sites and Red-eared sliders indicate the possibility of human release of their pets or for other purposes, and natural propagation in the wild on Jeju Island. Our findings will be useful for management planning to deal with this invasive species, and implementation of a conservation program for native wildlife on Jeju Island.

The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses and to evaluate the effect of pastures mixed with tall and short type grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. Treatments of this study were consisted of four groups and the short type grass used in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 was mainly bermudagrass. Four treatment groups were follow as; Treatment 1 (bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). Bermudagrass was a little winter killing and inhibition of plant growth at an altitude of 400 m. Plant heights in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 were grown better than that in pastures mixed with C1. Especially, plant height in Treatment 4 was higher than other treatments. Dry matter yield was in the following order: Treatment 4> Treatment 3> Treatment 2> Treatment 1. Dry matter yield in pastures mixed with C1 increased as compared with pastures mixed with C1 and C2. Dry matter yield in Treatment 3 was higher than other treatments. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 11.7 and 13.3%, respectively. The growth of bermudagrass in winter was low due to the cold damage. However the growth of Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, tall fescue and orchardgrass was good. In the second investigation, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 5.0 and 11.7%, respectively. Growth of forage in the second investigation was poor as compared to the first investigation. nutritive values(crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility) were good in pastures mixed with C1 Especially, nutritive values in pastures mixed with tall was higher than those of pastures mixed short grasses. P content among minerals in Treatment 1 was higher than other groups. However, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn were lower. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 2 were higher. However, the contents of K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 3 were lower. Therefore, we suggest that cool season grasses with short grasses were sowed to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island.

This study described the spatial distributions of marine environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration and turbidity, and characteristics of phytoplankton community such as species composition, standing crops and dominant species at 19 fishing ports around Jeju Island during the early summer of 2016. I analyzed bio-oceanographical characteristics using principal component analysis (PCA) of the environmental factors and biological parameters. Water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and turbidity ranged from 17.6 to 20.7℃, from 26.19 to 32.33 psu, from 0.76 to 7.13 μg L-1, and from 0.51 to 14.49 FTU, respectively. A total of 51 species of phytoplankton belonging to 35 genera were identified. In particular, diatoms and dinoflagellates accounted for more than 56.8% and 27.4% of all the species, respectively. Moreover, the number of phytoplankton species was controlled by salinity. Phytoplankton cell density ranged from 2.9 cells mL-1 to 185.9 cells mL-1. The dominant species were Navicula spp. Stephanopyxis turris, Eutreptiella gymnastica and Mesodinium rubrum. Environmental factors and the phytoplankton community varied greatly between sampling sites. According to PCA, the biological oceanographic characteristics of the around Jeju Island were characterized by meteorological factors such as air temperature, precipitation and discharge of ground water during early summer.

본 연구는 동백나무의 간재적 추정식을 개발하고자 하였다. 제주지역에 자생하고 있는 동백나무 200본을 표준목으로 선정하여 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 재적모델 개발을 위해 80% 자료와 모델 타당성 검정(Validation)을 위해 20% 자료를 무작위로(Randomly) 구분하여 분석하였고, 본 연구에서 제시된 최종모형의 추정된 계수는 100% 자료를 이용하였다. 동백나무에 대한 재적 모델의 적합성 검정은 결정계수(R2), 추정치의 오차(RMSE), 평균편의(MD), 절대평균편의(AMD)와 직경급별 평균편의(MD), 변동계수(CV%)를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 결정계수는 0.7571에서 0.9381로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 결정계수가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 추정치의 오차는 0.0326으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높았으며, 반면에 0.0258로 V=aDbHc에서 가장 낮았다. 평균편의는 V=a+bD2H에서 0에 값으로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 0.0012로 나타났다. 절대평균편의는 V=D2/(a+b/H)에서 0.0186으로 가장 낮았고, 0.0223으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 변동계수는 V=aDbHc에서 30.4348로 가장 적합한 계수로 나타났다. 5개의 모델식 중 최적의 식은 V=aDbHc에서 나타났으며 V=aD2H에서 적합성이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the new fungal disease of Scopendra subspinipes mutilans (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae) from Jeju island in Korea. Scopendra subspinipes mutilans are also known the Chinese red head and average 20cm in length. It is used for traditional medicine for skin-disease and tumor and S. s. mutilans is recently raised in Jeju island to use healing properties. We isolated fungi from surface of infected S. s. mutilans and incubated in SDBA at 24℃ for 14days, and then identified the morphology of the fungi by light and electron microscopy. For the specific diagnosis of Metarhizium spp. in S. s. mutilans, 18srRNA of fungi was amplified by primers ITS4_MF and LR3_MR and sequenced by using the BLAST server at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The result of the 18srRNA sequencing alignment was Metarhizium anisopliae (99.9%). The entomopathogenic fungi, M. anisopliae would be fatal cause of higher mortality to S. s. mutilans, and it is needed in vivo assay to confirm the pathogenic activities of M. anisopliae to S. s. mutilans.

Ixodid ticks are notorious as the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. To confirm the transovarial transmission of SFTSV, we collected blood-fed adult ticks from animals in SFTS case reported area of Jeju island in 2015. A total of 476 ticks were collected from four host animal species, horse (81.3%), dog (9.0%), roe deer (7.1%) and wild boar (2.5%). They were identified as 1 genus and 2 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (87.8%) and H. flava (12.2%). Among them, 131 adults hatched their eggs successfully. The body weight of females was highly correlated with the number of egg masses laid (P < 0.05). We confirmed that one adult H. flava was infected with SFTSV and its infection rate was 0.77%. The eggs of the SFTSV-infected adults also were infected with SFTSV and its transovarial transmission was confirmed. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. flava could transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. flava might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.

The objective of this study was to construct Italian ryegrass (IRG) dry matter yield (DMY) estimation models in South Korea based on climatic data by locations. Obviously, the climatic environment of Jeju Island has great differences with Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, many data points were from Jeju Island in the prepared data set. Statistically significant differences in both DMY values and climatic variables were observed between south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. Therefore, the estimation models were constructed separately for south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island separately. For south areas of Korean Peninsula, a data set with a sample size of 933 during 26 years was used. Four optimal climatic variables were selected through a stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis with DMY as the response variable. Subsequently, via general linear model, the final model including the selected four climatic variables and cultivated locations as dummy variables was constructed. The model could explain 37.7% of the variations in DMY of IRG in south areas of Korean Peninsula. For Jeju Island, a data set containing 130 data points during 17 years were used in the modeling construction via the stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis. The model constructed in this research could explain 51.0% of the variations in DMY of IRG. For the two models, homoscedasticity and the assumption that the mean of the residuals were equal to zero were satisfied. Meanwhile, the fitness of both models was good based on most scatters of predicted DMY values fell within the 95% confidence interval.

The purpose of this study is to establish a policy of tolerance towards multicultural families, foreign emigrants, and North Korean defectors on Jeju Island. To analyze the problems of intolerance by interviewing them. To achieve this through objective, analyzed data of the reality on tolerance and intolerance and through organized discussions on multiculturalism and tolerance on Jeju Island. Through this study, the following implications can be made. Firstly, people on Jeju Island are fairly open and tolerant. Secondly, there is a correlation between fluency in Jeju dialect and the level of tolerance. Thirdly, it is important to overcome the cultural gap. Fourthly, there are several cases of intolerance when using transportation and shopping. Fifthly, there is a tendency of denigrating foreigners from poor developing countries. Sixthly, most people would like to recommend Jeju Island to friends and family members. Through this study, it can be concluded that understanding differences among members of multicultural society with ‘regards, supports, and aids for coexistence as equivalent members of Jeju society’ are necessary.

The Jeju Special Self-Government Provincial Government made and has been working on the 'Carbon Free Island Jeju by 2030' Plan. Currently, it has been working on a plan of gradually penetrating (introducing) EVs to Jeju province to realize a carbon-free Jeju Island. In this paper, we made a model equation estimating the electrical energy consumed by EVs in a definite region, and then the number of EVs to be introduced every year according to the ‘penetrating EVs plan’ was estimated. Finally, the electrical energy consumed yearly for the next 10 years by the EVs was calculated.

The aim of this study was to introduce meadow landscape planting in Korea. The survey site was the grasslands on the mid mountain at Jeju Island in Korea. In all, 96 plant taxa consisting of 32 families, 84 genera, 78 species, and 18 varieties were recorded during the investigation of grass-dominating grassland at the study site. An analysis of the grass vegetation types in the survey area revealed their potential for meadow landscape planting. The formal characteristics of plants such as the stem, leaf, and flower were dominant in this grassland. The principal communities were Miscanthus sinensis var purpurascens, Themeda triandra var. japonica(Willd.)-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, and Zoysia japonica Steud. A total of 74 plant species were compatible for meadow planting in the area. However, 22 plant species of weeds, climbers, woody, exotic, and invasive plants were excluded in these study sites because the meadow vegetation development might be hampered by them. Following the meadow planting design concept for plants, investigated plants were classified into several categories with two main concept criteria: the design and functional layers. The design layer was subdivided into structural and seasonal layers. Likewise, the functional layer was divided further into ground cover and filler layers. The results of this study suggested that some useful plants can be selected from natural meadows at Jeju for the future target planting of grasslands in Korea.