We compared the genetic structures of overwintered indigenous Korean and Chinese populations. The eight Koreanpopulations consisted of 33 haplotypes, and 16 haplotypes were newly identified. The genetic diversity of the Koreanpopulation revealed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity of 0.86 and 0.0024 on average, respectively,due to the high dispersal ability, which is similar to that of the Chinese population (Sun et al., 2015). Comparison with30 Chinese populations using a population tree showed that the Korean populations grouped with 12 Chinese populationsand that 67% were located near Jiangsu province. Moreover, the three frequent migration regions by migratory SBPH,including the Buan, Shinan and Taean counties, were grouped together with high supporting values. These results mightsupport the presence of gene flow between the Korean and Chinese populations by migratory SBPHs.

In the present study, we report the first complete mitochondrial DNA genome of the genus Callipogon based on C.relictus, a natural monument and endangered species in South Korea. The mitogenome is 15,742 base pairs with 13 proteincoding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a 1033 bp long AT-rich region. The overall base composition was67.3% AT and 32.7 GC. Among 13 PCGs, seven genes (Nad2, Atp8, Atp6, Nad4L, Nad6, Cob, Nad1) harbour the typicalstop codon TAA or TAG, whereas remaining five genes terminate with T. Interestingly, Cox3 employs AGA as the terminationcodon.

Recent studies indicate that mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spinal dorsal horn. In our previous study, application of malate, a mitochondrial electron transport complex I substrate, induced a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. In the present study, we used patch clamp recording in the substantia geletinosa (SG) neurons of spinal slices, to investigate the cellular mechanism of mitochondrial ROS on neuronal excitability. DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) and AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) decreased the malate-induced depolarization. In an external calcium free solution and addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for blockade of synaptic transmission, the malateinduced depolarization remained unchanged. In the presence of DNQX, AP5 and AP3 (a groupⅠ metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist), glutamate depolarized the membrane potential, which was suppressed by PBN. However, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) or PPADS (a P2 receptor inhibitor) did not affect the substrates-induced depolarization. These results suggest that mitochondrial substrate-induced ROS in SG neuron directly acts on the postsynaptic neuron, therefore increasing the ion influx via glutamate receptors.

Purpose: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (Type I diabetes) or when the body does not effectively use the insulin (Type II diabetes). One of the most common complication of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy(DR). DR is a time-dependent disease and induces blindness. DR produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide is mainly made from mitochondria electron chain and it is harmful to eyes. Methods: In this study, eyes were enucleated from glucose-immersed zebrafish which is good model to generate diabetes and then mitochondria were isolated to evaluate activities of mitochondria electron transfer complex. Activity of mitochondrial electron transfer complex in eyes was measured by UV-vis spectrometer. Results: After the glucose immersion, the amount of mitochondria in eyes was increased compared to non-glucose-immersed zebrafish. Mitochondrial complex I, II, III, and IV activities of glucose-immersed zebrafish was improved compared to non-glucose-immersed zebrafish. Conclusions: These results indicated that 3 days or 7 days glucose immersion on zebrafish to induce the early stage of diabetes on zebrafish. Zebrafish might contribute to metabolic compensatory mechanisms in eyes to restore their mitochondrial homeostasis on the early stage of diabetes.

담배가루이는 경제적으로 매우 중요한 농업 해충들 중의 하나이며, 전세계적으로 40개 이상의 종들로 구성된 종복합군(species complex) 으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 담배가루이 종복합군의 유전적 변이와 구성하는 종들의 수를 550개의 COI 염기서열들을 바탕으로 재평가하였 다. 담배가루이의 유전적 변이는 0% - 27.8%이며(평균 11.1%), 이는 담배가루이 종복합군이 서로 다른 속들 혹은 아과들에 속하는 다양한 종들 로 구성되어 있음을 나타낸다. 217개 COI 염기서열들을 바탕으로 분석된 계통수는 담배가루이 종복합군이 잠재적인 신종(Java)을 포함한 43개 종들로 구성되어 있고, 이 가운데 9종(Australia, Asia II 1, Asia II 6, Asia II 7, Asia II 10, Mediterranean, New world, New world 2, Sub Saharan Africa 1)의 종내 유전적 변이는 기존의 종구분 한계인 4.0%가 담배가루이 종복합군의 종들을 구분하는데 적합하며, 높은 종내 유전변이를 보이 는 종들은 은밀종과 관련이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Sanghuangporus sanghuang (Hymenochaetaceae, Agaricomycetes) is a medicinal mushroom which has gained particular attention in Korea as a natural immune booster and a cancer suppressor. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies clarified the species concept of S. sanghuang extensively used in Asia including Korea, China, and Japan. In this study, we assembled its mitochondrial genome and identified the locations and functions of genes and coding regions using next-generation sequencing. Raw sequencing data was produced using PacBio approach, and assembled through hierarchical genome assembly process (HGAP). Determining the mitocondrial regions GeSeq and Artemis annotation tools were used. And the resulting gene map was visualized using OGDraw software. A total of 108 reads was aligned with a coverage of 11.87X. The entire mitochondrial genome was 111,734 bp in length, in which 24 proteins and 46 transfer RNAs were recognized. The overall base composition is 38.37% A, 38.42% T, 11.05% C and 12.14% G with an GC content of 23.2%. This mitochondrial genome data can be used to understand its phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic resolution and as a source of markers for population and species delimitation.

The Japanese oak silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai Guérin-Méneville 1861 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), is one of the important natural resources possessing industrial value for silk fiber production. In this study, ten microsatellite markers and two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene sequences (COI and ND4) were used to investigate the genetic variation and geographic structure of A. yamamai populations in South Korea. Two mtDNA gene sequences revealed very low total genetic variation and resultant low geographic variation, validating to use further variable molecular markers. Population-based FIS, FST, RST, and global Mantel test consistently support that A. yamamai populations are overall well interconnected with a relatively high gene flow. Nevertheless, STRUCTURE analysis using microsatellite data and mtDNA sequences coincidently indicate the presence of two genetic pools in many populations.

Despite of a substantial effort, the phylogeny of Lepidoptera still has unstable taxa and unresolved relationships particularly form Apoditrysia to Ditrysia (e.g. phylogenetic position and familial relationships of Gelechioidea, the monophylies of Tineoidea and Zygaenoidea and so on). We performed phylogenetic analysis using ~13,000-bp length of mitogenome sequences form 50 species (with seven species in two superfamilies form this study) representing 13 superfamilies to improve the lepidopteran phylogeny from Apoditrysia to Ditrysia. A close relationship of Gelechioidea to Obtectomera than to apoditrysian taxa was noteworthy, although the nodal support is very weak (ML, 23%; BI, BPP = 0.94). Monophyly of Zygaenoidea without Epipyropidae (Epipomponia nawai) was also noteworthy in spite of weak nodal support (ML, 64%; BI, 1.0). Scrutinized analysis is currently underway.

We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Vespa velutina nigrithorax and V. ducalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The genomes were 16,475-bp and 15,779-bp long and contained typical sets of genes. The V. velutina and V. ducalis A+T-rich region was 132-bp long and 166-bp long and was the shortest of all sequenced Vespoidea genomes. Start and stop codons in several Vespa species—including V. velutina and V. ducalis—were diversified, despite these species belonging to the same genus. In comparison with the ancestral mitogenomes, Vespa mitogenomes showed substantial gene rearrangement; however, we detected no gene rearrangement among Vespa species. We conducted phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs in available species of Vespoidea—22 species in six subfamilies in two families (Vespidae and Formicidae). The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood (ML) methods revealed that each family formed strong monophyletic groups.

We have determined the mitochondrial genome of Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, 1968. The total length of the R. speratus kyushuensis is 15,898 bp with 65.3% A + T content. It consists of 13 protein–coding, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA genes and an A+T–rich control region. All the protein–coding genes used ATN as start codon. But the stop codons were TAA, TAG, and an incomplete termination codon (T) abutting an adjacent tRNA gene. The A+T–rich control region was 1,105 bp in length with 67.8% A + T content

The plastic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) is well known as a representative environmental hormones. Recent studies showed that the BPA exposure induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS). However, changes of antioxidant enzymes expression and ROS production from mitochondria according to the BPA exposure on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes have not been studied. We hypothesized that regulation of ROS production from mitochondria by BPA may play a critical role in meiotic maturation or expansion of cumulus cells in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). To investigate the negative effects of BPA exposure on oocyte maturation, immature pig oocytes were matured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with BPA (50, 75 and 100 μM) for 44 h. Expectedly, the rates of meiotic maturation and cumulus cell expansion of COCs in the BPA (75 μM) treated group was significantly lower than those of control group (p<0.01). Most of secretion factors expressions from COCs were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the BPA treated COCs. Next, we investigated the intracellular ROS and mitochondrial specific superoxide production according to the BPA exposure using DCF-DA and mito-SOX staining, respectively. BPA exposure were showed that increasing of both intracellular ROS and mito-ROS, as well as mitochondrial related antioxidant enzymes (sod2, prdx3, prdx5) mRNA expression significantly increased (p<0.01) in COCs. And then, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) dramatically reduced, and mitochondrial-derived apoptotic factors (bax, bcl-xl, caspase 3) mRNA expressions were increased (p<0.01) in BPA treated COCs. In additon, protein levels of mitochondrial-derived apoptosis genes (AIF, cleaved parp1 and caspase 3) were significantly increased (p<0.05) by BPA exposure. To confirm the reduction of BPA-induced mito-ROS, we used to the mitochondrial-targeted ROS scavenger, mito-TEMPO. Interestingly, addition of mito-TEMPO (0.1 μM) to the BPA pre-treated COCs recovered in meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes. These results demonstrated that BPA exposure was induced increasing of mitochondrial dysfunction, mito-ROS and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis on pig oocyte maturation. Therefore, we suggest that controlling of mito-ROS plays a critical role in pig oocyte maturation in vitro. These findings will be helpful to solve causes of mitochondrial-related infertility.